A Timeline of Textile Machinery Inventions

The  Industrial Revolution  was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. During this transition, hand production methods changed to machines and new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes were introduced. Water power efficiency improved and the increasing use of  steam power increased. Machine tools were  developed and the factory system was on the rise.  Textiles  were the main industry of the Industrial Revolution as far as employment, the value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.  The Industrial Revolution began in  Great Britain  and most of the important technological innovations were British. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life changed in some way. Average income and population began to grow exponentially. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the  standard of living  for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, but others have said that it did not begin to really improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.  At approximately the same time the Industrial Revolution was occurring, Britain was undergoing an  agricultural revolution, which also helped to improve living standards and provided surplus labor available for industry. Textile Machinery Several inventions in textile machinery occurred in a relatively short time period during the Industrial Revolution. Here is a timeline highlighting some of them: 1733  Flying shuttle  invented by John Kay:  an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.1742  Cotton mills were first opened in England.1764  Spinning jenny  invented by James Hargreaves:  the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel.1764  Water frame  invented by Richard Arkwright:  the first powered textile machine.1769  Arkwright patented the water frame.1770  Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.1773  The first all-cotton textiles were produced in factories.1779  Crompton invented the  spinning mule  that allowed for greater control over the weaving process.1785  Cartwright patented the  power loom.  It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed batton in 1813.1787  Cotton goods production had increased 10 fold since 1770.1789  Samuel Slater  brought textile machinery design to the US.1790  Arkwright built the first steam-powered textile factory in Nottingham, Engla nd.1792  Eli Whitney invented the  cotton gin:  the machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber.1804  Joseph Marie Jacquard  invented the Jacquard Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.1813  William  Horrocks invented the variable speed batton (for an improved power loom).1856  William Perkin invented the first synthetic dye.

Austria History of the Country and Catholocism - 1794 Words

The country of Austria is a landlocked country located in central Europe, just north of Italy and Slovenia. Austria also borders Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Lichtenstein. In comparison to the United States, Austria is about the size of Maine at 83,870 square kilometers. The terrain includes mountains, or the Alps, in the South and West, and flat land in the North and East (â€Å"Austria†). Mountains cover about three-fourths of the country. Austria is also known for its many valleys, lakes, and forests (Beller). The climate is temperate, with moderate summers and cold winters. Both seasons receive regular rain, except for frequent snow in the Alps during winter. The majority of the population lives in the†¦show more content†¦In 1914, a Serb assassinated Franz Ferdinand, heir to the empire’s throne. This caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Bosnia-Herzegovina, thus starting World War I. Austria-Hungary was a Central Power in the war, and ended up losing to the Allied Powers. Following the war, the empire broke apart and Austria became a republic. In 1938, German troops overtook Austria, and the republic became a part of Nazi Germany. Austrians had no choice but to participate in the Holocaust. Once again, the Allies were victorious and defeated Germany. After the war, Austria set up a provisional government, and a national government was established in 1945. Austria finally became an independent country ten years later, and joined the European Union in 1995 (Beller). Today, Austria is a national republic made up of nine provinces. The president, who has a six-year term, is the head of the country, while the chancellor is the head of the government. The Austrian government has military forces, where all men must serve for at least six months in their life. The Austrian people are quite unique. Many different ethnicities settled in Austria centuries ago, contributing to the distinctive culture. Almost ev eryone speaks German, though some areas speak languages like Croatian and Slovakian. The Austrian economy is based on privately owned businesses, and it relies on manufacturing, agriculture, natural resources, trade, and tourism (Beller).

My Room Free Essays

There is an old proverb which states â€Å"When you are a child, your room is the world to you. † I believe this is a very true statement and applies to most children. In a room of his own a boy can become whatever he likes and make his surroundings fit that idea or â€Å"theme† if you will. We will write a custom essay sample on My Room or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have grown out of these childhood fancies, but still have an evident theme controlling this place where I spend my time. As one walks into my room a large black and white skin catches the eye. This tapestry reveals itself to be a skin of a zebra which I acquired through my father on our trip through Africa. Throughout the skin there are patched holes where the beast was shot. This large item is the focal point of my room and reflects my â€Å"hobby† and passion for traveling. Turning to the right the visitor sees other from my other things from far away lands mounted on the wall. These things range from Greek swords to an unique Tanzanian lion-hunting arrow. All of these things I acquired traveling throughout Southern Europe, Africa, and America, and each have a special meaning and value to me. Below this array of seemingly ancient things sits the large Sony stereo system I received for my birthday this year. This hulk of machinery adds contrast to the display above it as well as giving my room high-quality sound. A turn to the left now unveils a bookshelf containing: all of my hardback books, my alarm clock, my trophies and ribbons, and most of my CD’s and tapes. This storage space is really an unnecessary extra but it does help keep my room from being cluttered or messy. Up against this same wall is my bed. This bed was handed down from my great grandmother to my grandmother to my mom to me. It has been kept because of it’s value and because of sentiment. Crafted out of solid pine by hand and held together by iron pegs, it adds to the â€Å"rustic† theme of my room. I believe this to be almost a mirror of my personality because I rarely change from my happy, reliable self and this bed has not changed in over a century. The reverse side of my bed shows off a twin to the first bookshelf. Unlike it’s companion, this set of shelves holds some of my more prized possessions such as: my paperback books, my magazine collection, many of my artistic creations, and my various instruments from other countries. Yet another left turn uncovers the zebra skin mentioned above. Bellow the skin on the floor are two military boxes and a neon sign. The boxes represent my interest in weapons and military tactics while the sign is just a present from one of my relatives. Along this same wall resting in a large inset is my desk. This desk is a literal collage of my interests and shows my personality in that the desk is very easy to arrange and I usually have an open mind on things. The desk is divided into five main parts: the surface, mechanical things, artistic things, scholastic things, and assorted odds and ends. The surface is where I do my work, it is where my homework, reading and writing happen. The other areas are called exactly what they do. For example, the mechanical section is a group of drawers which holds my hammers, pliers, screwdrivers, ect. On either side of this wooden storage space rest my fishing poles, canes, and unused long weapons. These items cast back my interest in the out-of-doors (namely hunting and fishing) and my more virile side. Another left turn brings the on-looker to my closets. These are two sets of double doors with all my clothing and shoes in it. On the inside of these closets there are posters covering the walls, most of which have something to do with skiing. This is my representation of my tremendous interest in skiing. Tucked into the back side of my closets are my two unloaded hunting rifles. I think that this reflects my responsibility and maturity because I had to go through twelve hours of gun safety courses just to have access to these weapons let alone have them in my room. Looking up from this view point a set of sky lights can be seen. The light glistening from these windows shines onto my small chest of drawers which contain my â€Å"arts and crafts† stuff and my socks and underwear. On top of this rests a lamp and a glass head which I use as a hat rack. I think this reflects on my orderly side because I am constantly straightening it. My room, like my shadow following me on a sunny day, reflects my personal interests and talents and really is a part of me. This is reflected in many ways, from the way I organize my furniture to the places I put my clothes. Even if I’m not acting out a childish daydream I still enjoy changing my surroundings to fit this daydream called life. How to cite My Room, Essay examples My Room Free Essays There are many places that i really like to spent my time. But, everyone has a room they tend to stay in more than others. That could be a room with specific colored walls, or just room that makes you to feel really good. We will write a custom essay sample on My Room or any similar topic only for you Order Now For me, thats my bedroom. Thats my favourite place in my house, but and in the world, i guess. I think that nothing can describe someone better than their room. That little things in a room can describe a person more than anything, decoration, color of the walls†¦ When you enter to house the first door u can see are full of some old stickers. Behind them is my own peace of paradise. Its pretty much like any other room but i like it. Basically, there is a door, a window and bed like in any other room in the world. I recently painted walls to the bright green color. Its good for my concentration when i am studying or i just want to stay focused on something. On left wall there are drawn logos of Football Club Partizan and their fans Grobari. There is always playing quiet music inside my room. I think that with these bright colors keeps it in some way alive. On the left side there is my bed, which i wouldnt exchange for anything on this crazy world. I could just laying on it for days. Under the window, which is on the middle wall, is my working desk. There is my computer on it with big sound system that drives my parent crazy. Next to the working desk is my acoustic guitar, and next to the guitar, on the right side of room, there is an desk with TV on it. On the right side is a wardrobe which is the most of time really messy. Finally, Iznad door is books shelf . To be honest, i don’t like to read too much, so they are there just like decoration detail.. Why my bedroom is my favourite place? Well, its the place where no one bothers me. Its like my own private island where i am fully stocked with everything i need, such as food, music etc. How to cite My Room, Papers My Room Free Essays The wall is cream colored. There are all sort of modern facilities in my room what makes it very comfortable to live. There is a double size bed in the left corner of the room which is made by wood and it is very comfortable to sleep on it. We will write a custom essay sample on My Room or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is lamp beside my bed and a sofa as well. My room has got a big window. It looks so beautiful when light comes through the window in my room during the morning and twilight. There is a reading table with chair Just under the window. I put all of my necessary things for study on this table. I also put my personal computer on it. Beside my table, there is a nice wardrobe where I keep my clothes and valuable things. It has got a big mirror on the cover. There are a good numbers of pictures of my family and friends hung on the wall. When I feel depressed, I take a look on these pictures to make my mind happy and cheerful. All pictures are neatly placed in their proper spots In a collage. My room has got a balcony too. I have a sliding glass door going out to my balcony. The view from my balcony is really amazing. I usually go there before the sun set and like to see the beauty of nature. I can see the road opposite of our apartment from the balcony. There is a rocking chair in my balcony. It gives me amazing feelings when I sit on my rocking chair and take breath from cool breeze. I always like to keep my room neat and clean. All of these In my room make me very comfortable and relax. I love my room very much. How to cite My Room, Papers

Defendant participation in the criminal - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Defendant participation in the criminal. Answer: Power of Arrest The Criminal Law of Singapore is derived from the common law system, which is highly regulated through the criminalization of many activities that are considered as fairly harmless in other countries. The criminal law and legislation help in the prevention of different crimes like homicide, cheatings and thefts or other relevant crimes. All of the crimes are punishable under the Penal Code (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). The government of Singapore has taken the responsibilities of the criminal issues and the offender. They have investigated the matters, identified the issues and processed the whole situation. After the investigation process, the police officer or relevant authorities have been arrested the offender (Owusu-Bempah 2016). An arrest is defined a process by the criminal justice, which occurred when a person is taken into the police custody and deprived of the liberty. The police have right to arrest a person for investigating the criminal issues (Duijn, Kashirin and Sloot 2014). A police officer, other public servant officer or a citizen with or without a warrant can arrest a person. When a police officer, other public servant officer or a citizen have found that a person has been committed an offense or guilty for such relevant grounds of any criminal liability, then they can be arrested the person. The Penal Code of Singapore has been legislated such powers that a warrant is not necessary to arrest a person. There are some other relevant acts, which also set the similar laws and statues in Singapore. Those are Kidnapping Act, Arms Offences Act, Vandalism Act and Misuse of Drugs Act (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). The powers of Arrest In Part VI of the Criminal Procedure Code of Singapore has stated about the process of compelling appearance, arrest and bail (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). The police or relevant enforcement agencies like Immigration Checkpoints Authority (ICA), Commercial Affairs Department (CAD), Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) and Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) have rights to arrest a person with or without warrant for involvement with any criminal offenses. They have been provided with enough power and not required to collect or obtain any notice or warrant from the authority of the Court for arrest the offender (Owusu-Bempah 2016). A citizen has right to arrest an offender. When an offender has been arrested by a citizen, then without any delay, that offender will be handover him or her to the police station. However, in this matter, the citizen is allowed to defend his or her body or property against harm without any fear of reprisal from the law (Duijn, Kashirin and Sloot 2014). The Arrestable offense In the Third Column of the First Schedule of the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), a list has been given of different arrestable offenses (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). According to the given list, if any person is found to commit the offense, then the police, other relevant authorities or a citizen can arrest that person. The arrestable offenses include: Assault or uses of Criminal force Rioting Theft Robbery Impersonation of a public servant Extortion Cheating Criminal Breach of trust Affray, Driving rashly or negligently Criminal intimidation Rape Sexual assault by penetration without consent Wrongful restraint or confinement Trafficking Dishonestly eating of the stolen property Consumption of drugs Offences under the Computer Misuse and Cybersecurity Act Offences under the Vandalism Act Therefore, according to the above list, if the police officer or relevant authority or citizen has been found that any person committing the same offense, then she or he might be arrested without a warrant. However, for the non-arrestable offense, police never arrest a person without any warrant. In such situation, the police officer will obtain an order or file a Magistrates Complaint at the State Courts Crime Registry (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). After the confirmation from the court, the police will get the warrant notice and arrest the person (Owusu-Bempah 2016). Police arrest procedure in Singapore The police can be arrested a person with or without a warrant notice. When a person has been suspected of the act of serious or dangerous offense then the police can arrest that person with or without a warrant (Duijn, Kashirin and Sloot 2014). Here, the appropriate authority will investigate the offense. The police have right to use reasonable forces for arrest the offender (Owusu-Bempah 2016). However, for the offenses like voluntarily causing hurt, police must investigate the matter before proceeding for arrest. The section 83 of the Criminal Procedure Code has legislated that a police or relevant authority can arrest a women offender by a woman only (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). Arrest without a warrant The section 64 of the Criminal Procedure Code has legislated that the police has authority to arrest a person without a warrant when the offender has found or subjected to an arrestable offense (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). According to the above list of arrestable offense, police or relevant authority or a citizen can arrest the offender without a warrant. The Criminal Procedure Code has legislated in section 65 that a person can be arrested without a warrant if he or she denies providing name and address as per the demand of the police or relevant authorities (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). However, section 68 has legislated that, only 48hours, the arrested person can be detained in the custody (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). Arrest with a Warrant In Section 69 of the Criminal Procedure Code, it has been legislated that a person has committed arrestable or non-arrestable offense can be arrested with a warrant by the police or relevant enforcement officer or by a citizen (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). After arresting that person, it is the duty of the police authority that they will produce the offender to the relevant court without any delay. According to the nature of the case, the offender can ask for bail. Arrest by the civilian The Section 66 of the Criminal Procedure Code, a person who is not police or such relevant authority and citizen of the country can arrest the offender who has committed the arrestable offense (Sso.agc.gov.sg 2018). The civilian is allowed to defend his or her own body or property against harm without any fear of reprisal from the law. Therefore, after the offender was arrested, he or she will be informed the grounds of arrest and must be produced to the court without any delay. The offender can consult with a legal practitioner. After arresting a person, the civilian will hand over him or her to the police or relevant authority. The police will transfer the offender to the police headquarters and immediately produced to the relevant court. All of the personal belongings will be transferred to the police. After the first court appearance, the offender may apply for bail (Owusu-Bempah 2016). If the relevant court authority does not grant the bail, then the court will order for investigation and the charges will be convicted to the offender according to the nature of the case (Duijn, Kashirin and Sloot 2014). Reference Duijn, P.A., Kashirin, V. and Sloot, P.M., 2014. The relative ineffectiveness of criminal network disruption. Scientific reports, 4, p.4238. Owusu-Bempah, A., 2016. Defendant participation in the criminal process. Taylor Francis. Peak, K.J. and Madensen, T.D., 2018. Introduction to criminal justice: Practice and process. Sage Publications. Ronel, N. and Segev, D., 2014. Positive criminology in practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(11), pp.1389-1407. Schmalleger, F., Donaldson, S., Kashiwahara, K., Koppal, T., Chase, S., Brown, A., Jarriel, T. and Marash, D., 2014. Criminal justice today. Prentice Hall. Sso.agc.gov.sg. 2018. Criminal Procedure Code - Singapore Statutes Online. [online] Available at: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPC2010?ProvIds=P1VI-#pr87- [Accessed 12 Jan. 2018]. Worrall, J.L., 2014. Criminal procedure: from first contact to appeal. Pearson Higher Ed.

To Kill A Mockingbirds A Love Story Kill Mo Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbirds: A Love Story Kill Mo Essay ckingbird essays To Kill A Mockingbird Love Story The book To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 then it went on to win the Pulitzer prize in 1961 and was later made into an Academy Award winning film. Harper Lee always considered her book to be a simple love story. Today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American Literature. There are so many characters in this book that I cant name all of them. Here are most of the characters. The Finch family contains of Atticus (The head of the household), Aunt Alexandra (Atticuss sister), (Jem) Jeremy (The oldest of Atticuss two children), (Scout) Jean Louise (The youngest of the two . She also trys to be a boy by doing boy things). And you cant forget their black maid. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbirds: A Love Story Kill Mo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Her name is Calpurnia. Miss Rachael is Dills aunt that lives in Maycomb. Dill is a friends with Jem and Scout. According to Scout they are married. (Boo) Arthur Radley is the person that takes Jem back to his house after Jem gets hurt by Bob Ewell. Tom Robinson is a black man that was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell is Mayellas father. He is out for revenge on Atticus for what he did to him and his daughter. Mayella is Bobs daughter who supposedly got raped by Tom Robinson. Judge Taylor is the Judge of Maycomb County. Heck Tate is the county law official. I think the protagonist in the story is Atticus Finch because he has the main part and he has the biggest decision to make. The decision being whether to defend or not to defend Tom Robinson. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb County, an imaginary district in Southern Alabama. The time is the early 1930s, the years of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread in the United States. The story begins during the summer when Scout and Jem meet a new playmate named Dill who has come from Mississippi to spend the summer with his Aunt Rachael. Dill is fascinated by the neighborhood gossip about Boo Radley. Egged on by Dill, Jem and Scout try to think up ways to lure him out of his house. Soon it is Summer again , and Dill returns for another visit. The childrens plans for making contact with Boo Radley grew bolder this year, and on Dills last night they decide to sneak up onto the Radley porch and spy on Boo. Jem goes first, but just as he reaches the window, Nathan Radley catches site of them and scares them off with a blast from a shot gun. Jem realizes that Boo is not a monster after all, but has been playing along with them. Scout does not figure this out until the winter, on the night that the house of their neighbor burns to the ground. While Scout is standing outside in the cold, someone sneaks up behind her and places a blanket around her. Later, Scout and Jem realize that there was only one person in town who has not already at work fighting the fire and that was Boo. Now that Jem and Scout realize that Boo is basically a kind person, their interest in the Radley family begins to fade. In the meantime, they learn that their father has become the defense lawyer for Tom Robinson, who is charged with raping Mayella Ewell. As the trial of Tom Robinson grows nearer, the children become more aware of the strong feeling it has aroused in everyone in Maycomb. .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .postImageUrl , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:hover , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:visited , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:active { border:0!important; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:active , .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230 .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3926cd9e825dc98c416b1374784a230:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kuwait Red Crescent Society and Zero Sum budgeting Essay One day their housekeeper takes Jem and Scout to visit her church, and the children realize for the first time that the black parishioners are supporting Tom Robinsons wife. Two nights before the trial is to start, a group of men come to the Finch house to tell Atticus about threats against Tom Robinsons life. Atticus spends the next night camped out at the jail to defend Tom from the mob. Jem, Scout and Dill go downtown to check on Atticus and arrive at the same time as a group of men,

Roman Empire Essay Example

Roman Empire Essay Example Roman Empire Essay Roman Empire Essay Rome was founded as a kingdom by royal twin-brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B. C; and the Roman tradition claimed that Rome had been under the control of seven kings from 753 to 509 B. C. According to tradition, Rome became a republic in 509 B. C. (not from the beginning, as it is asserted in the film). By the end of the Republic, Rome becomes the biggest city in the world. In 44 B. C. Augustus establishes the Empire. During the reign of Nero, the Great Fire of Rome took place, but that only gave a new growth to the city. The population of Rome topped out in the 2nd century (over 2 million people) and then began declining. At the end of that century, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, a plague killed 2,000 people a day2. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180), was given this name when he was proclaimed the Emperor. At marriage he took name Markus Annius Verus; his original name was Marcus Annius Catilius Severus). His mother was from a rich family who were of consular rank; his father was of Spanish origins. His father’s maternal aunt was the Emperor’s wife. In 136, Hadrian had announced that his eventual successor would be a certain Lucius Ceionius Commodus, renamed L. Aelius Caesar. Marcus had already attracted the attention of Hadrian: he was subsequently engaged to Ceionia Fabia, Commodus daughter. The engagement, however, was annulled later after the death of Commodus, as Marcus was betrothed to Antoninus daughter. Therefore, on the death of Hadrians first adopted son L. Aelius Verus, Hadrian made it a precondition of making Antoninus his successor that Antoninus would adopt Marcus and Lucius Ceionius Commodus (Lucius Aelius son, ten years junior than Marcus, renamed Lucius Aurelius Verus), and arrange for them to be next in the line. This Antoninus did, adopting and designating them as his successors on February 25, 138, when Marcus was only seventeen years of age. He would become emperor at 40. In 145, Marcus married Annia Galeria Faustina, who was Antoninus daughter and his paternal cousin. He became Roman Emperor in 161. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors who governed the Roman Empire from 96 to 180, and is also considered one of the most important stoic philosophers. His tenure was marked by wars in Asia against a revitalized Parthian Empire, and with Germanic tribes along the limes Germanicus into Gaul and across the Danube3. Starting from the 160s, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids along the Northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes farther east. A first invasion of the Catti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other German tribes. At the same time, the Iranian Sarmathians attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers. Due to the situation in East, a punitive expedition could be launched only in 167. Both Marcus and Verus led the troops. After the death of Verus in 169, Marcus led personally the struggle against the Germans for the great part of his remaining life. The Romans suffered at least two serious defeats by the Quadi and Marcomanni, who could cross the Alps, ravage Opitergium (Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia, the Roman main city of north-east Italy. At the same time the Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus Aurelius managed to push back the invaders. Numerous Germans settled in frontier regions like Dacia, Pannonia, Germany and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including todays Bohemia and Hungary. The emperors plans were however prevented by a revolt in East, led by Avidius Cassius and prompted by false news of the death of Marcus after an illness. Of the eastern provinces, only Cappadocia and Bithynia did not side with the rebels. When it became clear that Marcus Aurelius was still alive, Cassius fortunes declined quickly and he was killed by his troops after only 100 days of power. Together with his wife Faustina, Marcus Aurelius toured the eastern provinces until 173. After a triumph in Rome, the following year he marched again to the Danubian frontier. After a decisive victory in 178, the plan to annex Bohemia seemed poised for success but was abandoned after Marcus Aurelius again fell ill in 180. Marcus Aurelius was able to secure the succession for Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and made co-emperor in 177, though the choice may have been unknowingly unfortunate. This decision, which put an end to the fortunate series of adoptive emperors, was highly criticized by later historians since Commodus was a political and military outsider, as well as an extreme egotist with neurotic problems. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius death is often held to have been the end of the Pax Romana. It is possible that he chose Commodus simply in the absence of other candidates, or as a result of the fear of succession issues and the possibility of civil war. Marcus Aurelius had 13 children: among them were Commodus and Lucilla. Marcus Aurelius Commudus Antonius, the son of Marcus Aureilus, ruled in 180-192. He was known as a good archer, he also had passion for gladiatorial combat. He even went to the arena, dressed as a gladiator. He always won since his opponents always submitted to the emperor. In 193 Commudus was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus, ordered by Commodus mistress/cousin Marcia, a day before Commodus planned to march into the Senate dressed as a gladiator to take office as consul. Commodus death marked the end of the Nervan-Antonian dynasty4. The opening battle most likely is intended to depict the last fight of the Macromanic wars. The film says they are fighting in Germania; however, the war was really against Germanic tribes in the area of the province of Pannonia. Of course Germania is more familiar to viewers and works better geographically with Maximus home in Spain. Nearing the end of the battle, Maximus raises the cry Roma Victor, meaning Rome, the Conqueror. (Greco-Roman culture often anthropomorphized aspects of civilization and nature in order to depict them as gods/goddesses to be recognized. ) The sequence of the battles unfurling is not historically accurate, as legionaries abandon formation in favor of a more Hollywood-friendly action scene in which they combat the Germanic Marcomannii in one-on-one battles, in which the barbarians would have excelled. In reality the Romans favored close-knit formations and would not break formation unless being ordered to retreat (hastily) or if the legionaries broke under the strain, in which case, unless able to reform or reach friendly lines, they would almost certainly be wiped out5. IV. Summary evaluation. This film, not being documental, does not directly follow the history of Roman Empire. Many of the facts were specially mutilated for the battle scenes by the script writer in order to make the film more spectacular. Though it refers to real events, it is still just an invention of the director who wishes to entertain public. Despite the historical inaccuracies, it is obvious, that all battle scenes, visual effects, the script, and the live action are simply brilliant. Beyond the doubt, the staginess of this film is on the highest level. Yet it is up to a viewer to decide what he needs more of the film – authenticity or staginess. Bibliography 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards.

The afterlife in Dante's Inferno compared with Homer's Odyssey Essay

The afterlife in Dante's Inferno compared with Homer's Odyssey - Essay Example In addition, trip to the afterlife provides a spiritual fortification and moral uplift, which realizes the mortal man his duties and obligations towards the divinity and fellow beings while his temporary stay on the earth, so that readers can make amends in their behaviors and realize that they are responsible for the deeds they are performing; Homer’s journey of the land of gods in his illustrious Odyssey, John Milton’s depiction of heaven and hell in Paradise Lost, William Blake’s experiences of seeing God and angels in Songs of Innocence and Dante’s Inferno reflect and present the imaginary idea of world hereinafter imitated and followed by these authors in their practical life, which vehemently force the readers to protect themselves from sinful life, as they will have to harvest the crop of their deeds and misdeeds in the afterlife. Dante’s trip to afterlife and depiction of the circles of hell concentrates upon the same motif. Dante’s Inferno describes that his journey starts from Good Friday, when the poet sets out on his trip and comes across ancient writers, poets, politicians, philosophers and religious people during his visit of hell. Here the poet points out the reasons that lead the people towards the wrath of God i.e. in hell, which are based on Biblical stories and set of belief indicating specific reprimands and penalties against particular sins. Since, Dante’s journey to the hell serves as the part his perception of religion and Scriptures, which is related to the sinners’ fate in afterlife, so his trip starts from first to nine circles, as has been narrated in the Old and new Testaments. The Inferno’s protagonist character finds renowned Roman poet of B.C. era i.e. Virgil as his guide, who leads him towards different circles. (Canto I, Lines 47-61) Being non believer of Christ, but