Banglalink Hr Preview

Orientation to the Report ————————————————- Chapter 1 Introductory Part 1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Origin of the Study The report on HR Management & Development of Banglalink is to be conducted for Ms. Tasnima Aziza, Course Instructor, Human Resource Management, Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University. Ms. Tasnima orally authorized us to conduct the study of various functions of HR in an existing corporate company to develop our understanding of Human Resource Management as for the partial fulfillment of BBA program. 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studying Objectives 1. 2. 1 Broad objective Understanding the features of HRM in real business situation, going beyond the academic theories to develop our career and education in the professional organization. 1. 2. 2 Specific objective Learning and developing the ideas of business practices observing the various integrated proces ses of Human Resource Management under the company â€Å"Banglalink†. Identifying the business nature of the HR functions is the core of our study. 1. 3 Scope of the Study The report cannot say anything about the internal technical matter of the HR Programs (Database of compensation, reward, performance appraisal) of Banglalink. The report also does not cover elaborately HR planning because every company has its own secret workforce planning recipe. 1. 4 Limitations 1. 4. 1 Lack of HR evaluation experience As we are in our very preparatory part of the HRM course, it is difficult for us to make the assessment more complete. 1. 4. 2 Restricted area of information There were some restrictions to have access to the information confidential by concern authority. 1. 5 Methodology 1. 5. 1 Primary sources * Structured interviews were conducted to people involved in HR Management Team of Banglalink. Further, an unstructured interview was conducted to 1. 5. 2 Secondary sources * Annual report * Various publications * Website 1. 6 Report Preview The report is organized n the following structure- * Prefatory Parts * Report Proper * Appended Part 1. 6. 1 Prefatory Parts It consists of title fly, title page, letter of transmittal, table of contents and executive summary. 1. 6. 2 Report Proper This is the main body of thee report consisting of three parts with introduction and conclusion. Part 1- overview of banglalink consisting of 4 chapters Part 2- staffing includes 3 chapters Part 3- maintenance of performance with career management 1. 6. 3 Appended Part It consists of references and a questionnaire. PART ONE An Overview of ————————————————- Chapter 2 Outline of the Organization 2. 1 Company Profile Banglalink – making a difference When Banglalink entered the Bangladesh telecom industry in February 2005, the scenario changed overnight with mobile telephony becoming an extremely useful and affordable communication tool for people across all segments. Within one year of operation, Banglalink became the fastest growing mobile operator of the country with a growth rate of 257%. This milestone was achieved with innovative and attractive products and services targeting the different market segments; aggressive improvement of network quality and dedicated customer care; and effective communication that emotionally connected customers with Banglalink. Banglalink is today the 2nd largest mobile operator in the country and has recently celebrated with 1. 5 crore customers. Headquarters BangladeshIndustry TelecommunicationsType Privately HeldStatus Operating| Location FM Center (Tiger House), Level-1, House: SW (H) 04, Gulshan Avenue Gulshan Model Town, Dhaka, 1212 Care Points Over 700 customer care points including 7 customer sales and care Phone 880 9 885 770 Fax 880 8 827 265 Website www. banglalinkgsm. com 2. 2 History of the Company Sheba Telecom (Pvt. ) Ltd. as granted license in 1989 to operate in the rural areas of 199 upazilas. Later it obtained GSM license in 1996 to extend its business to cellular mobile, radio telephone services. It launched operation in the last quarter of 1997 as a Bangladesh-Malaysia joint venture. In July, 2004, it was reported that Egypt based Orascom Telecom is set to purchase the Malaysian stakes in Sheba Telecom through a hush-hush deal, as Sheba had failed to tap the business potentials in Bangladesh mainly due to a chronic feud between its Malaysian and Bangladeshi partners. An agreement was reached with Orascom wo rth US$25 million was finalized in secret. The pact has been kept secret for legal reasons, considering financial fallout and because of the feud. The main reason for the undercover dealing was the joint venture agreement between the Bangladeshi and the Malaysian partners, which dictates that if any party sells its Sheba shares, the other party will enjoy the first right to buy that. Integrated Services Ltd. (ISL), the Bangladeshi partner, was being ‘officially’ shown as purchasing the shares held by Technology Resources Industries (TRI) of Malaysia for $15 million. ISL then paid another $10 million to Standard Chartered Bank to settle Sheba's liabilities. In September, 2004, Orascom Telecom Holdings purchased 100% of the shares of Sheba Telecom (Pvt. ) Limited (â€Å"Sheba†). It was acquired for US$60 million. Sheba had a base of 59,000 users, of whom 49,000 were regular when it was sold. Afterward it was re-branded and launched its services under the â€Å"Banglalink† brand on February 10, 2005. Banglalink’s license is a nationwide 15-year GSM license and will expire in November, 2011. In March, 2008, Sheba Telecom (Pvt. ) Limited changed its name as Orascom Telecom Bangladesh Limited, matching its parent company name. 2. 3 Banglalink – At a Glance 2. 3. 1 Vision of the Company Banglalink understands people’s needs best and will create and deliver appropriate communication services to improve its people’s life and make it easier. † 2. 3. 2 Mission of the Company Banglalink’s success is based on a simple mission: â€Å"Bringing mobile telephony to the masses by reducing total cos t of buying and using mobile phones† Banglalink changed the mobile phone status from luxury to a necessity and brought mobile telephone to the general people of Bangladesh and made a place in their hearts. 2. 3. 2 Values of the Origination The mobile phone has become the symbol for the positive change in Bangladesh. This positive change that is quite correctly attributed to Banglalink, has become the corporate positioning of Banglalink and is translated in their slogan â€Å"making a difference† or â€Å"din bodol†. â€Å"making a difference† is not only in the telecom industry, but also through its products and services, to the lives of its customers. This corporate stance of â€Å"making a difference† has been reflected in everything Banglalink does. 2. 4 Employee Overview 2. 4. 1 Employee Portfolio Company Size| 5,000 employees; 2,000 are direct employees and the rest are indirect | Common Job Titles| Manager| 11%| Executive| 10%| Engineer| 8%| Zonal Sales Manager| 6%| Senior Engineer| 5%| | | | Median Age| 28 years| Gender| Male| 89% | Female| 11%| | 2. 4. 2 Management Team managing director & chief executive officer|  »Ã‚  ahmed abou doma| chief financial officer|  »Ã‚  mohamed hassan osman| chief technical officer|  »Ã‚  ahmed fady| chief commercial officer|  »Ã‚  asher yaqub khan| sales director|  »Ã‚  arif mehmood malik| customer care director|  »Ã‚  muhammad arshad| human resources & administration director|  »Ã‚  tarek beram| head of pmo & supply chain|  »Ã‚  abdus saboor| egulatory & legal affairs director|  »Ã‚  zakiul islam| information technology director|  »Ã‚  nizar el-assad| company secretary|  »Ã‚  m nurul alam| 2. 5 Organization Structure Structure provided by Banglalink itself. It is here by noted that, HR director holds two functional dept. under his direct supervision. ——————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Chapter 3 Human Resources & Administration 3. 1 HR Mission â€Å"the real tigers behind the stripes! † â€Å"We, at Banglalink, believe that our teamwork is our greatest asset. Useful contributions made by each individual bring us that much closer to our goals. The Banglalink family is made up of a group of passionate individuals, uniquely qualified from diverse disciplines but working towards our vision. † Thus, Banglalink has delineated their HR mission regarding their employees and customers. 3. 2 HR Dept. and Divisions The Human Resource Department of Banglalink has three departments under control of the Head of the Department. 1. Compensation and Benefits 2. Employees Relations 3. Organizational Development (Commercial and Sales) 4. Organizational Development (IT) Compensation and benefit department show interest on the employee reward or compensation and other benefits. They approve sick leave, annual leave and other fringe benefits of the employee. The company gives their employee an increment at the end of the year based on their performance appraisal and the recommendation of their line manager. The second department is employee relations. They deal with the employee behavior with their superiors. They also train their employees if needed. In some cases, Banglalink borrow trainers from abroad to train their employees. The organizational development has two different divisions. One deals with the development of network and other IT. The other division deal with sales and other commercial aspects. The most widely criticized service of Banglalink is its network coverage. So they have created separate department of HR to keep their IT support in continuous construction. Head of Human Resources Compensation & Benefits Manager Compensation & Benefits Senior Executive Administrative Assistant Employees Relations Manager Employees Relations Executive Employees Relations Senior Executive Employees Relations Executive Organizational Development Manager Organizational Development Senior Executive Organizational Development Executive Organizational Development Manager Organizational Development Assistant Manager Organizational Development Executive NEW organization chart for Human Resources department Payroll Senior Executive ————————————————- Chapter 4 SHRM Awareness of Banglalink The Strategic Human resource management literature is increasingly concerned with whether human resources can be source of competitive advantage. More recently, this literature has begun to draw from the resource based view of strategy. Banglalink believes that teamwork is their greatest asset. Useful contributions made by each individual bring that much closer to our goals. The Banglalink family is made up of a group of passionate individuals, uniquely qualified from diverse disciplines but working towards our vision. Thus, Banglalink refocus on the conception of Human Resource Competencies within a human resource-capability (RC model) view of strategy to articulate their strategic role for HRs in and outside the origination. It is worth noting to the traditional situational-contingency perspective. Finally, Banglalink’s RC model sees their HRs and capabilities as a driver for their strategy. ———————————————— Chapter 5 HR Policies in a Global Extent Banglalink ensures for the tigers/tigress * a  friendly, professional and mutually supportive environment that encourages our people to develop their potentials to an optimal level. * a  true quality of pro fessionalism that can be found in all world-class multinational companies. * team oriented professionals, who contribute to the greater whole of the organization through their participation in decision making situations. * a  system which recognizes and rewards groups as well as individuals for their efforts and contributions to the company. By developing their policies in the following sectors- * Workforce planning * Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection) * Induction, Orientation and On-boarding * Skills management * Training and development * HR Personnel administration * Compensation in wage or salary * Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) * Employee benefits administration * Personnel cost planning * Performance appraisal * Labor relations PART Two Staffing & Workforce Planning ————————————————- Chapter 6 Strategic HR Planning and Job Analysis 6. The Overall Purpose Banglalink developed the following aspirations for their strategic HR planning. * Ensure adequate human resources to meet the strategic goals and operational plans of an organization – the right people with the right skills at the right time. * Identified and minimised capability risks. * Ski ll development and training policies and practices are linked to strategy. * Remain flexible so that an organization can manage change if the future is different than anticipated 6. 2 The strategic HR planning process Banglalink follows the conventional Four steps to develop their HR planning model. Assessing the current HR capacity * Forecasting HR requirements * Gap analysis * Developing HR strategies to support organizational strategies 6. 2. 1 Assessing current HR capacity Based on its strategic plan, the first step in the strategic HR planning process is to assess the current HR capacity of the organization. The knowledge, skills and abilities of the current staff need to be identified. This can be done by developing a skills inventory for each employee. The skills inventory should go beyond the skills needed for the particular position. List all skills each employee has demonstrated. For example, recreational or volunteer activities may involve special skills that could be relevant to the organization. Education levels and certificates or additional training should also be included. SWOT Analysis During this phase, a company begins to analyze and look at what skills, knowledge and abilities are available internally, and where shortages in terms of people skills or equipment may exist. Organization begins to analyze its external environment, its strength and weaknesses, its opportunities and threats, in terms of whether they can be achieved with the current organizational resources. . 2. 2 Forecasting HR requirements The next step is to forecast HR needs for the future based on the strategic goals of the organization. Realistic forecasting of human resources involves estimating both demand and supply. Questions to be answered include: * How many staff will be required to achieve the strategic goals of the organization? * What jobs will need to be filled? * What sk ill sets will people need? When forecasting demands for HR, Banglalink HR professionals also assess the challenges that it will have to meet its staffing need based on the external environment. 6. 2. 3 Gap analysis In The next step, HR personnel determine the gap between where it wants to be in the future and where they are now. The gap analysis includes identifying the number of staff and the skills and abilities required in the future in comparison to the current situation. They also look at all its HR management practices to identify practices that could be improved or new practices needed to support the organization's capacity to move forward. 6. 2. 4 Developing HR strategies to support organizational strategies The five core HR strategies for meeting an organization's needs in the future followed by Banglalink. . Restructuring strategies 2. Training and development strategies 3. Recruitment strategies 4. Outsourcing strategies 5. Collaboration strategies 6. 3 Job analysis A job analysis is a step-by-step specification of an employment position's requirements, functions, and procedures. Just as a seed cannot blossom into a flower unless the ground is properly prepared, many human resource m anagement (HRM) practices cannot blossom into competitive advantage unless grounded on an adequate job analysis. 6. 4 Purpose of the Job Analysis The HR department of Banglalink conducts job analysis to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of workforce into the organization. * The general purpose is the job and compensation plans. * Establishing fair and effective hiring practices * Developing training and appraisal programs * Remedial uses 6. 5 Information Collection for Job Analysis The Different Types of Job Content Information Broad Level Function or Duty * Definition: The major areas of the job-holder's responsibility. Example: A professor's functions are teaching, research, and service to the university/community. Intermediate Level Task * Definition: What a worker does when carrying out a function of the job; it is an activity that results in a specific product or service. * Example: The function of teaching requires a professor to perform several tasks like lecturing, giving/grading exams, and meeting with students. Work Behavior * Definition: An important activity that is not task specific; such behavior is engaged in when performing a variety of tasks. Example: â€Å"Communicating†Ã¢â‚¬â€a professor engages in this behavior when performing several tasks, such as lecturing and meeting with students. Specific Level Subtasks * Definition: The steps carried out in the completion of a task. * Example: The task of providing lectures consists of several subtasks, such as reading the text and other relevant materials, deciding on what information to convey, and determining how this information can be communicated in a clear and interesting manner. Critical Incidents * Definition: Specific activities that distinguish effective from ineffective job performance. Example: â€Å"The professor uses several examples when explaining difficult concepts. † 6. 6 Key Factors in Job Analysis Task identities 1. Variety 2. Responsibility 3. Autonomy 4. Working environment 5. Recognition and support 6. Outcomes & performance measures 6. 7 Sources of Data Information associated with a job analysis can be gained from the following sources: * supervisor/manager of the proposed/established position, * the current incumbent (or a staff member who has undertaken the duties in the past), * team members of the proposed/established position, a staff member from another work area with a similar position, * managers who employ similar positions, * performance plans and key performance indicators of current incumbent, * workforce plans, * program timetables or customer feedback forms, * student evaluations, and * HR staffs. 6. 8 Data Analysis During the analysis phase the following should be included: * Group the tasks into functional areas, eg. Process enrolment forms and respond to student enquiries should be under the functional heading of Student Administration. * Eliminate all unnecessary and wasteful activities. Simplify unnecessarily complex activities or procedures. * List the functional areas in order of importance. —†”——————————————- Chapter 7 Recruitment and Selection Employees Recruitment is the process of seeking sources for job candidates and attracting qualified candidates for jobs in the public or private sector. It is a process by which the needed personnel are found and they become interested to apply for the vacant post. The Selection Process is the process of choosing from among available applicants who are most likely to successfully perform a job. The objective the selection process is to choose the individual who can successfully perform the job from the pool of qualifies candidates. 7. 1 Recruitment & selection process flowchart Organization Vacant or new position occurs Perform job analysis & plan recruiting effort Generate applicant pool via internal or external recruitment methods Evaluate applicants via selection Process process Select applicants Make offer 7. 2 Recruitment process of Banglalink 7. 2. 1 Recruitment Goals Banglalink has recognized the following recruitment goals over their competitors to achieve their HR Vision and Mission. Attract highly qualified applicants. * Attract applicants willing to accept offers. * Fill vacancies quickly. * Fill vacancies at minimal cost. * Hire people who perform well. * Hire people who will continue with the organization. 7. 2. 2 Sources of Recruitment Recruitment sources are divided by two parts – 1. Internal sources of recruitment: Promoting employees is an internal s ource of recruitment. 2. External sources of recruitment: the external sources of recruitment are- Advertisement Advertisement is prepared by Banglalink for publication in the national Daily newspaper. Cyberspace Recruiting Banglalink use the internet to recruit new employees by adding a recruitment section to their web site. Employment agency Agencies like ‘PeopleScape’ help Banglalink to find the require-skilled employee. 7. 2. 3 Issuances of Interview Card After receiving the application Banglalink prepares necessary database of the candidates and after screening the applications they issue invitation card by normal mail but in case of emergency currier service used, or interview schedule should be known to the candidates over telephone. On the basis of resume evaluation, ratings are made as per the weight age chart. . 3 Selection Process of Banglalink 7. 3. 1 Interview Method Interview-1: Short listed candidates are called for interview-1. In this step a panel of concerned managers and experts will interview the incumbent. Result of the interview-1 is published in the Company Notice Board. Interview-2: The selected candidates from the first interview-1 are called for a second interview which will be taken by the head of the department and head of the human resource. Final interview: The candidates who approved from the interview-2, is called the final interview. Final interview is taken by Director. Placement: Banglalink gather necessary documents and sends the selected candidates to his/her respective department for placement. 7. 3. 2 Present Condition about Selection Procedure of Banglalink (For the contractual employees to be permanent worker) The company selects qualified Personnel/Specialized officer/Junior executives on the basis of some relevant tests based on the following manner. ————————————————- Chapter 8 Training and Development Training is important for an organization because every organization needs stable, trained and experienced people to perform its actions. Employee training is a learning experience. Basically employee training is present-oriented training that focuses on individual’s current jobs, enhancing those specific skills and abilities to immediately perform the jobs. Training is now considered as more of retention tool than a cost. The training system in Bangladeshi Industry has been changed to create a smarter workforce and yield the best results. 8. 1 Training and Development process of BANGLALINK Banglalink is the second largest mobile operator in our country. For their employee training they follow both * On-the-job method and Off-the-job training method. 8. 1. 1 On-the-job training is when an employee learn the through his/her daily work and also learn from a mentor. May be the manager or immediate senior to the employee can take over this task. Slowly he learn about his position clearly and also the method that the organization follow to accomplish their activities. This organization arranges a performance appraisa l after a certain period of time. And to assess their employee performance they follow the†Competency Gap Analysis†. Now there are two categories of competencies required to do the internal tasks. Core Competency- the basic requirements for a job. For example -communication skills -team work -fluency in English speaking etc. 2 Technical Competency- if there is any technical eligibility needed for a particular position This analysis is sort of self analysis. The manager gives the employees specific categories and asks to evaluate themselves in those categories. They have certain parameters like – * Unacceptable (U) * Need Improvement (NI) * Meet Expectation (MI) * Exceed Expectation(EE) * Outstanding (O) The manager assesses these results and made their decision that if the employee needs any training. Then they report to the HR about the number of employees need training. If an employee is lack of core competency then the management arrange for a training internally. 8. 1. 2 Off-the-job training And if it is for a higher level position or lack of technical competency then the HR arrange for an Off-the-job training. 8. 2 Outsourcing There are some organizations that provide corporate training. Banglalink outsources these organizations and arrange the training program. They segregate their employees in different batches if the number is elevated and place different time schedule for them. HOLISTIC, AAMRA are two organizations who provide training for the employees of Banglalink. PART THREE Sustaining Sky-scraping Performance : Performance Management ————————————————- Chapter 9 Performance Management Every year, employees of Banglalink experience an evaluation of their past performance. There is a one hour informal discussion between employees and their supervisors. This evaluations lead to some direct effects to their work lives. Based on the result they get increment, promotion or assistance in personal development areas for which the employee needs training. The performance management system serves three purposes that are designed to support employees, appraisers and organization. 9. 1 Appraisal They follow a common appraisal process. The chart below shows the appraisal process Banglalink follow the Competency GAP Analysis to measure the performance of their employees. There is a number of traits and a range of performance for each degree of each trait. It is used to identify the score that best describes the employee’s level of performance. 9. 2 Who does the Appraising? Generally the immediate supervisor does the appraising in Banglalink. First, they arrange self rating for the employees. Based on the self rating, their past behaviors and information from their peers, the supervisors submit the appraisal to the head of the department. 9. 3 Frequency of Appraisal The performance occurs two times in a year. The first evaluation occurs at the end of the year and according to the evaluation the company announces the name of the promoted employees. Another evaluation take place in the middle of the year and the worthy employees get promoted. On the other hand, the employees get only one increment in a year. This way the company tries to keep good performance of their employees. 9. 4 The Appraisal Interview The appraisal interview is done for comparing the evaluation and employees expectation about their performance. The appraisal interview can be four types * Satisfactory- promotable * Satisfactory- not promotable * Unsatisfactory- correctable * Unsatisfactory- uncorrectable In this interview session the superior encourage the employee to talk about his expectation, if he aspects any promotion or have a good evaluation which will lead into a better payment. Sometimes if the employee has a bad evaluation and had been criticized for his past action that is in the correctable category, the supervisor’s aim is to lead the interview such a way that it will improve the interviewee’s performance in near future. If an employee is in the uncorrectable category the supervisor will warn him informally and if that doesn’t work he will proceed for a written warning. ————————————————- Chapter 10 Career Management Generally the responsibility to managing a career belongs to an individual. There was time when employment with a reputed firm actually meant lifelong employment. Today with intense competition everywhere, coupled with economic changes sweeping the world, companies are aggressively pursuing the strategies for acquisition, divestment, down-sizing, outsourcing, and synergy through alliances. In such an uncertain environment, it is ultimately the responsibility of the individual to decide and make choices to pursue a desired career. An organization can at best support an individual’s career aspirations if it falls in line with its business goals. 10. 1 Role of HR Employee loyalty to the company is higher when the job fulfills intrinsic needs and personal goals of the employees. By assisting an individual in planning his career and providing opportunities for career development, Banglalink ensures higher loyalty and productivity from employees. The HR professionals of Banglalink match and support career expectation of high performers with organizational requirements. Few of the ways in which this has been done is shown below: * Mentoring- through which the organization create context for directing careers of youngsters * Enriching the jobs – Encourage people to continuously redesign the work procedures * Job rotations in line with individual apability and company requirements * Providing organization wide, team based and individual learning opportunities * Taking stock of future leadership requirements and designing the career path of capable and performing individuals * Design developmental programs that improve the employability of the people and engage them with challenging assignments 10. 2 Role of Individual and Organization Role of an individual and that of an organization with respect to some of the aspects of individual carreer planning is brought out below: Individual and organizational role in career management| Key Aspect| Individual role| Organizational Role| Goal seting (by an indiviual)| Developing and gaining clarity on long term goal | * Managing the expectations realistically * clarifying possibilities of knowledge based and hierarchical based goals | Action planning(by an individual)| Planning and duration of jobs to be taken up, companies or industry to be targeted, and other developmental needs | * Support individual plan through movement along the career path * Job rotations, advancements, problem solving assignments etc. | Mentoring & coaching (by the org. | Learn from the experience and insights of mentors / coaches | * Align individuals to the company values * provide informal guidance about building career within the organization| Assessment (by individual & org)| Learn about present profile and gaps that need to be fulfilled in the long run| * assess values synchronization, performance, potential and likely career path| Development (by the individual & org. )| Obtaining exter nal certifications as authentication of skills possessed| * Honest performance appraisals, providing opportunity to implement learning for organizational benefit| Challenging work (by the org. | focus on de-bottlenecking processes, thus keeping the element of â€Å"challenge in the work† alive | * opportunity to participate in various task forces to solve real time business problems * exposure to new business improvement tools| ————————————————- Chapter 11 Compensation 11. 1 Category of Compensation Banglalink provides a lucrative compensation package for their employees. The category of compensation can be two types * Direct financial payments * Indirect financial payments 11. 1. 1 Direct financial Payments This is a form of payments which is in the form of Wages * Salaries * Bonuses * Overtimes etc. 11. 1. 2 Indirect financial Payments This form of payment consist s of financial benefits such as * Insurance- they provide health insurance for the employees * Transport- for call center agents Banglalink provide transportation service as the agents have to perform night duty. * House- the company provide house for its higher level employees 11. 2 Compensation Process The compensation process is based on four particular degrees. | | Requirement | Degree of compensation| | Outstanding| | Exceed Expectation| | Meet Expectation| | Need Improvement| 1. 3 Employee Benefits Banglalink provides benefits to their employees according to the Government Rules. The employees have health insurance, they get a good payment, they get bonuses and increments etc. The employees obtain vacations like * Sick Leave * Casual Leave * Annually Earned Leave * Maternity Leave (for women) ————————————————- Chapter 12 Health and Safety The terms health, safety and security are closely related to each other. Health is the general state of well being. It not only includes physical well being, but also emotional and mental well being. Safety refers to the act of protecting the physical well being of an employee. It will include the risk of accidents caused due to machinery, fire or diseases. Security refers to protecting facilities and equipments from unauthorized access and protecting. For smooth functioning of an organization, the company ensures safety and security of its employees. Health and safety form an integral part of work environment. A work environment enhances the well being of employees and thus accident free. 12. 1 HR Responsibility In Banglalink the responsibility of employee health and safety falls on the supervisors or HR manager. The HR manager help in coordinating safety programs, making employees aware about the health and safety policy of the company, conduct formal safety training, etc. Responsibilities of managers: * Monitor health and safety of employees * Drug testing * Coach employees to be safety conscious * Investigate accidents if happens * Communicate about safety policy to employees 12. 2 Supervisors Responsibility The supervisors and departmental heads are responsible for maintaining safe working conditions. They are responsible for * Provide technical training regarding prevention of accidents * Coordinate health and safety programs Train employees on handling facilities an equipments * Develop safety reporting systems * Maintaining safe working conditions Again the company provides health insurance to their employees. They also arrange a monthly increment system in case of an employee is sick and also provide sick leave to the employee. ———————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Chapter 13 Employment Method 13. 1 Promotion For promotion Banglalink give importance to those employees who perform well. An employee can’t get promotion unless his job length is one year in the company. 13. 2 Transfer of Employees Transfers take place when it’s needed. Banglalink has their office in the six divisions around Bangladesh. They give importance to the origin of the employees. Suppose, an employee’s permanent address is in Rajshahi, so if they take a decision to transfer that employee they will give priority to Rajshahi. 13. 3 Retirement The company observes its 5th anniversary few days ago. The company is young and the highest age of employees is 40 years in an average. Yet they have not planned for Retirement procedure. Concluding Part ————————————————- Chapter 14 Winding Up 14. 1 Conclusion Growth over the last years have been fuelled with innovative products and services targeting different market segments, aggressive improvement of network quality and dedicated customer care, creating an extensive distribution network across the country, and establishing a strong brand that emotionally connected customers with Banglalink. It made them possible only for their SHRM skill and their dedicated relationship manager who provides the employees with personalized HR care and innovative-proactive management round the clock. 14. Criticisms Banglalink initially failed to expand its EEO opportunities pace of employees with increased numbers of subscribers. This is because Banglalink was the fastest growing mobile operator at that time in the whole world. It has the record of violating the Employment Act of Age Discrimination and Employment Act for Women. However, the state of affairs is getting better now-a-days. They are investing to improve their EEO prospects especially in gender and tribal segments. References Contact persons: Md. Farhad Hossain Dept. of Quality Assurance, Banglalink Shiban Mahmud HR Senior Executive, Human Resource, Bangallink Website: www. banglalinkgsm. com http://www. linkedin. com/companies/banglalink Appendices ————————————————- Questionnaires 1. How does the company’s mission and vision influence/affect the employee? 2. Are there any divisions under Human Resource Department? 3. If yes, how they are related with the functional HR dept.? 4. Is there any formal/conventional structure for the HR Department? 5. How does the HR Structure affect the Mission and Vision of the company? 1. What are the future directions/objectives of the local area? . What are the responsibilities of the position? 3. Is the position academic or professional/general (does the role require knowledge of the teaching and learning environment)? 4. What is the length of appointment and/or service fraction? 5. What are the specific tasks and how will they be done? 6. W hy do they need to be done? 7. What impact will there be on other positions in the area? 8. Where will the work be done? (physical location) 9. Who are the clients and what are their needs? 10. How the work is currently organized? 11. Who will the position report to? 12. Will any positions report to this position? 13. What is the minimum knowledge and skills required to do the position? 14. What equipment or working aids are required? 1. What are the recruitment goals of banglalink does keep up? 2. Sources of recruitment? 3. Are there any external sources of recruitment process? 4. What are the components of selection process the banglalink does sustain? 5. Who conduct the interview? 6. What are the selection processes of contractual employees to be permanent employee? 1. What types of training program are you using to enhance your employees’ skills & abilities? . How would you determine the needs of training of an employee to do certain task? 3. Is there any outsourcing organization that provides training for the employees of banglalink? 4. Does banglalink think that there is any requirement of cross-cultural training program for the employees to adopt with the on-going globalization process? 1. How does banglalink manage their performance ap praisal process for the employees? 2. Is there any absolute appraisal method that banglalink is currently following? 3. How does HR dept. monitor their employees’ performance & evaluate or measure them? . While managing the performance assessment, does the decisions may become emotional or focus on the process? 1. What types of reward system does the HR dept. maintain with their employees? 2. How does banglalink relate the motivational factors with their compensation programs? 3. Any special cases of compensation or reward programs? 4. Is there any govt. influence on compensation administration? 5. What is the employee benefits HR dept. does provide the employees? 6. Is there any current employee legally considered necessary benefit the HR dept. is dealing with? . What does banglalink think about career management from the perspective of the company? 2. What kind of role does the HR dept. play in career development of an employee? As a mentor or advisor? 3. Does the company a rrange career workshops or carry out career counseling? 1. What types of promotional decisions does the HR dept. capture? 2. How does they manage employee transferring for the betterment of the geo-expand of the company’s service? 3. What are the retirement policies that the company does follow? 4. What’s about managing employee turnover

Pakistan Automobile Industry Essay

Automobile market is one of the largest segments in world trade. In a fast globalized world, this industry is facing huge challenges like cutting cost, upgrading models, improving fuel efficiency and enhancing customers comfort without compromising quality. I categories automobile industry of Pakistan in different phases. In first phase, automotive assembling of Bedford truck followed by ford perfect, ford Cortina and Dodge Dart started in 1950s in Pakistan. By the end on the 1970’s the assembling of vehicles came to a freeze due to the low quality value of locally produce vehicle parts but continued the assembling of Bed Ford trucks. By the end of 70s practically all assembling ceased in Pakistan. In 1983, second phase of automobile assembling started with the introduction of Suzuki FX 800 CC car. And with in six years Pak. Suzuki changed the model of FX 800 CC with Mehran 800 CC. Pak. Suzuki there after introduced Khyber 1000 CC and Margalla 1300 CC in 1992. But in more than ten years, level of participation in development was not significant. From 1993, Pak automobile industry moves toward development when Indus motors company Ltd. Karachi introduced Toyota Corolla and Honda atlas cars Ltd. , Lahore introduced Honda Civic having 1300 CC engine capacity. Smaller cars also introduced by Indus motors, Pak Suzuki and Deewan Farooq motors in 2000. I. e. Cuore 850 CC, Cultus 1000 CC, Santro hundai 1000 CC. Automobile industry in Pakistan can be broadly divided into following segments: †¢ Cars & Light Commercial Vehicles. †¢ Trucks and Buses. †¢ Tractors. †¢ Vendor Industry. It is the industry which operates under franchises and technical cooperation agreements with Japanese, European and Korean manufacturers. †¢ Two and Three Wheelers Public companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. Automobile assembler †¢ Ghandhara Industries †¢ Ghandhara Nissan †¢ Hinopak Motors †¢ Hyundai Motors. †¢ Indus Motors Company †¢ Master Motors †¢ Millat Tractors †¢ Pak Suzuki †¢ Sigma Motors †¢ Volvo Pakistan Limited †¢ Al-Ghazi Tractors †¢ Atlas Honda †¢ Dewan Farooque Motors (BMW Pakistan) †¢ Ghani Automobile Industries Pakistan Automobile industry at Present: The automobile industry has been strugglers ever since its creation. Although long time has past since its establishment, it has not been able to make a mark among the very stars of the automotive world. Although it has tried and made significant advancement towards the production of locally produced vehicles transfer of new technology has become a major weakness of the industry. Another reason for the low progress of the industry is due to the high cost of fuel in Pakistan. People have made adjustments to their vehicle by changing their fuel preferences from petrol to CNG, just to get by in their lives. The Pakistani industry has so far being unable to adopt the GLOBALLY GREEN notion and safety standards. Most cars in the country rely on dual fuel systems. Moreover Pakistani industry is still relying on car models which have long been stopped producing in other super power countries. Pak Suzuki has gained almost complete monopoly in the segment of producing small cars and faces almost no competition at all. The government policies and regulation of the state bank of Pakistan too contribute a great deal of being a wall between the Pakistani automobile industry and its success. By increasing the interest rate on car financing the industry has suffered a huge shift towards downfall. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Increasing Demand for Cars: In Pakistan context there are 9 cars in 1,000 persons which is one of the lowest in the emerging economies which itself speaks of high potential of growth in the auto sector and more so in the car production. Rising per capita income with changing demographic distribution and an anticipated influx of 30 to 40 million young people in the economically active workforce in the next few years provides a stimulus to the industry to expand and grow. Resale of Local Assembled Cars: Resale of locally assembled cars is better due to availability of spare parts and after sales services and warranty Used imported cars have been selling below their cost at the showrooms for the last six months but consumers are not inclined to buy because of their low re-sale value and problems in parts availability. Quality of local cars Initially when the import of cars was liberalized the quality of local assembled cars was unsatisfactory so the people of high income level group started buying imported cars and the sales of the local assembled cars started decreasing so the local assemblers started enhancing the quality of their vehicles so we can say that the quality of local cars is becoming the strength of the auto industry. OEM: The local OEM of Pakistan is well equipped with enough advance technology and skilled labor to produce parts according to the desired quality of any foreign company. CNG kit The advantage of buying local assembled cars is that they comes with factory fitted CNG kits at the times when the prices of fuel rising at higher pace internationally. Mechanics: For local assembled cars mechanics are readily available in market and much cheaper so the buyer has not to worry about any problem that can occur in the car in long term whereas the availability for imported cars is a bigger issue for the owners and if somehow they are able to find one then the mechanics charges much higher than actually it should be charged. Weakness: WTO—Deletion program: THE World Trade Organization (WTO) has rejected Pakistan’s request for the extension of the deletion program which enabled it to lay down the condition of the local content requirement (LCR). Under LCR, the automobile and other engineering industry was required to use locally manufactured parts and accessories in terms of government’s deletion policy. The condition of the LCR was an aberration to the Clause 5. 2 of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), Article III–-National Treatment under the GATT, 1994. WTO’s decision for not extending its deletion program / LCR condition has varied impact on Pakistan’s vendor industry, automobile assemblers, car users and the government. Input Cost In Pakistan as the inflation is increasing so as the input costs and for manufacturers it is becoming harder to produce at lower cost. Increasing cost of energy and its unreliable and inconsistent supply adds up the cost of manufacturing and wastage of resources. It is estimated that by the year 2012, auto industry consumption of electricity will cross 500 – 600 MW from around 250 – 300 MW, as of now. Protection level: Before the TBS was introduced the auto industry was well protected by the government but now as the import of CKD and CBU is liberalized the protection level to industry by government is decreased. Lack of skilled manpower for modern machinery In Pakistan conventional machines are not able to meet the precision manufacturing and the available labor is not familiar with modern technology it caused by lack of coordination and linkages with Government/Semi Government Supporting Bodies and Technical Training Institutes. Scarcity of raw material especially steel Through previous years the world prices are rising and causing costly inputs and Pakistan has left with scarce Steel and Iron left, so manufacturers are facing difficulties in producing cars with low prices. Opportunities: Import German technology and skills EDB wanted to build a Pakistan-German automotive supply network, providing opportunities to Pakistani automotive vendor enterprises to benefit from the German know-how and technology to improve quality, productivity, developing and marketing of value-added products. Foreign Investment and setup production facilities China National Heavy Duty Truck Corporation (CNHDTC), one of the largest heavy duty truck manufacturers in China, has shown interest for investment in the automobile sector of Pakistan. The study is required to attract players from Germany as well as from other countries to develop business with the Pakistani counterparts. Baggase Fuel As the fuel prices are rising in world Pakistan should switch to Ethanol Fuel as Brazil is using. Ethanol Fuel is produced by Molasses. Pakistan is one of the country which produces good quantity of molasses but the engines of the local cars do not support ethanol so Pakistan should acquire the Technology to produce ethanol compatible cars. In Brazil they use 90% Ethanol and 10% petroleum whereas Pakistani cars with default engines can afford only 3% Ethanol. Global spare part market The annual gross sales turnover of the auto industry, at present, stands at Rs210 billion while export of auto parts are estimated at $35 million. As such, the increase in production turnover is projected to increase by 185 per cent while the exports of auto parts would make quantum jump. Threats: WTO—Parts indigenization Smuggling of auto parts The auto industry is generally faced by multiplicity of taxes; the presumptive tax regime has led to increase in prices of imported inputs and the finished goods. Component manufacturers are struggling to compete with under-invoicing, miss declaration and smuggling. Import of used parts is still continuing at a large scale. Smuggling, under-invoicing and dumping of auto parts. Competition from import cars Auto industry is facing a threat from the import of cars which is already liberalized further it is said that government will cut about 15% of duties till 2011 Fuel prices According to the authorities the fuel prices which currently are Rs 68. 8 and are going to increase by more Rs. 6 by the end of 3-Jun-08. Decreasing tariff structure: For localized parts of CKD cars, the tariff would reduce from 50 per cent to 45 per cent in 2008-09 and further to 35 per cent in the next two years. The tariff for CKD non-localized parts would be reduced from 35 per cent to 32. 5 per cent in 2007-08 and would keep on decline by 2. 5 per cent every year to 25 per cent in 2010-11. The rate for CBU cars up to 1500cc, the tariff would be reduced from 50 per cent to zero next year (2007-08) and to be kept at that level thereafter. For CBU cars between 1500-1800cc, the current rate of 65 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent annually to 50 per cent by 2010-11. For CBU cars exceeding 1800cc, the applicable rate of 75 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent per annum to 50 per cent in 2010-11. For LCVs, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from 20 per cent to 15 per cent at the rate of one per cent every year. However, the tariff for CBU LCVs, the rate would be reduced from 60 per cent to 50 per cent in a phased manner by 2010-11. For two-wheelers, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from existing 30 per cent to 20 per cent in phased manner to 2010-1. Similarly, the tariff on CBU two wheelers would reduce to 60 per cent by 2010-11 from existing rate of 90 per cent. For localised CKD parts of tractors and heavy commercial vehicles, the existing tariff of 35 per cent has been proposed to be reduced to 25 per cent in 2010-11. For prime movers (up to 280 HP) the tariff for CKD would be reduced from 10 per cent to five per cent next year and then kept at that level onwards. Similarly, the tariff for CBUs would be reduced to 25 per cent next year and then kept at that level for the next five years. The tariff for prime movers (above 280HP) and would remain unchanged, while it would be reduced for trucks from 10 to five per cent and from 30 to 25 per cent next year.

Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy (1828 †1910)

Type of Work: Tragic love storySetting Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia; nineteenth century Plagiarism Detection >Principal Characters Robert Jordan, an American fighting with Spanish Loyalists Anna Karenina, a beautiful young woman Alexey, her cold, vindictive husband Count Vronsky, a young military officer who falls in love with Anna Stepan Oblonsky, Annas spendthrift brother Dolly, Stepans frustrated wife Kitty, Dollys sister Levin, Stepans rusticc friend, and Kittys suitorStory Overveiw Stepan Oblonskys wife Dolly had discovered that her husband was having an affair. With her beauty fading and her household a wreck, she had had enough. Stepan fretfully wrote to his sister, Anna Karenina, asking her to come to Moscow and convince Dolly not to leave him.Later, while working at his job in the entrenched Moscow bureaucracy, Stepan received an unexpected visitor: Levin, an old friend from the university, came to discuss Dollys sister Kitty, whom he wanted to marry. After being inform ed by Stepan that he had a rival for Kittys affections, a certain Count Vronskv of St. Petersburg, Levin resolved that he would propose to Kitty that very night.At that same moment, Anna and Count Vronsky were riding together in a train bound for Moscow. Vronsky noticed the charming woman as he made his way to the first-class compartment that he shared with his mother. He had time to take note of the suppressed eagerness which played over her face as their eyes met, and she remained in his mind. However, upon reaching their destination, the two went their separate ways Anna to her brothers home, Vronsky and his mother to a hotel.Approached by Anna, Dolly at first refused to discuss her husbands infidelity. Everythings lost after what has happened, evervthinqs over! she raged. But finally she relented to Annas plea to keep the family together.Meanwhile, Levin had arrived early at a dinner party hosted by the parents of Kitty and Dolly, determined to make his desires known to Kitty b efore the appearance of the rich and handsome Count. But That cannot be forgive me, Kitty replied upon hearing his stammering proposal. Crushed by the rejection, Levin escaped from the gathering at the first opportunity.A few days later, at her coming-out ball, Kitty couldnt help but notice how Anna and Vronsky kept gazing at each other. Vronskys face had a look that puzzled her . . . like the expression of an intelligent dog when it had done wrong. It was clear to Kitty that the two were in love.Nevertheless, with her task of seeing to Stepan and Dolly completed, Anna boarded the next train for St. Petersburg. She thought of her son, Seryozha, and her husband, Alexey.. Mv life will go on in the old way, all nice and as usual she thought. But she found that she could not easily dismiss Count Vronsky from her mind. And stepping along the way, as Anna stepped out for a breath of air, there he was. You know that I have come to be where you are; I cant help it, confessed the officer. Anna was both delighted and flattered by this, but it was simply unthinkable that anything could come of his attraction to her. After all, she was a married woman.Back in Moscow, Kitty was devastated. Not only had Count Vronsky spurned her, but Levin had also left the city to supervise work on his country estate. Humiliated and distraught, Kitty became so ill with despair that she was soon unable to eat or sleep. Her frantic parents, after finding no restorative medical treatment in Moscow, sent her to Europe to consult various doctors.Meanwhile, life for Anna in St. Petersburg remained strangely unsettled. The happiness that in Moscow had fairly flashed from her eyes, [now seemed] hidden somewhere far away. To her further disquiet, the love-struck Vronsky took every opportunity to see her. One night she knelt and begged him to leave her in peace; but still he persisted: I cant think of you and myself apart. You and I are one to me. And at that moment Anna let her eyes rest on him, full of love.Soon afterward, Alexey Karenina walked into a party and found his wife with Vronsky; but Anna denied any impropriety. Still, she and Vronsky met night after night, with Alexey seemingly powerless or unwilling to stop them. Anna by now felt so sinful, so guilty; but still she could not curb her passion for the Count.The following summer, while staving at her husbands villa outside the city, Anna confronted her lover with an announcement: she was pregnant. Though he understood the gravity of Annas position, Vronsky smiled. This was the turning point he had been longing for.Leave your husband and make our life one, he implored. But Anna shook her head. If she left, Alexey would take sole custody of Seryozha and she would not be allowed to see her son. But Anna did promise Vronsky that she would tell her husband the truth about the child she was carrying.When Anna made her confession, Alexey, instead of showing jealousy or indignation, merely warned his wife against public displays of flirtation. His sole concern was to preserve his social and business reputation; a duel or a divorce would only serve to disgrace him. The family cannot be broken up by a whim, a caprice, or even by the sin of one of the partners in the marriage, he informed Anna Our life must go on as it has done in the past.Anna reacted to his words at first with guilt and shame, but this quickly turned to anger: He knows that I cant repent that I breathe, that I love; he knows that it can lead to nothing but lying and deceit- but he wants to go on torturing me . . . Vronsky also was increasingly anxious to begin a new life with Anna, who would not leave her son. And so, the position was one of misery for all three Kitty had by now returned to Moscow, feeling somewhat better. One morning, just after dawn, Levin caught sight of her in a carriage, as it skirted his estate destined for her familys summer home. The pangs of love, long since buried, welled up in him once more. Months late r, taking advantage of a trip to the city, he called again upon Kitty. It was apparent to both that they cared deeply for each other, and, after a proper courtship, they were united as man and wife. Levin, for years caught up in trying to find out who he was and where he fit in Gods universe, had finally and happily found his place.But in St. Petersburg, relationships were breaking up. The nearer Anna came to the birth of her child, the more demanding and cold Alexey became. Then Anna survived a deadly fever to give birth to a baby girl. Oddly, the difficulty of the birth eased the tensions between herself and her husband. At the other extreme, Vronsky saw no end to the barriers separating him from his lover. Desperate at the prospect of living without Anna, he unsuccessfully tried shooting himself. Still torn, Anna finally did move in with him, and soon the couple left Russia to live in Italy for a time.Meanwhile, Kitty and Levin were living on their estate outside of Moscow. Levin felt gratified to be spiritually sustained by a loving wife. Like Anna, Kitty went through a difficult pregnancy, but it culminated in the birth of a fine little boy. Theirs was an idyllic life.Upon returning from Italy to St. Petersburg, Vronsky and Anna, found themselves ostracized. Gossip followed them everywhere. The couple argued frequently, and Anna, in a burst of depression, finally accused Vronsky of being unfaithful. Even after they moved into a newly-inherited estate, Anna felt alone in the world. She revived her habit of taking a little morphine to help her sleep, a legacy from her pregnancy.Summer turned to winter, and the family relocated again, this time to Moscow. There, the badly strained relationship fared no better. Though Anna pled for Vronsky to love her and give her security, at the same time she increasingly insisted on greater freedom. This is becoming unbearable! Vronsky screamed one day. Why do you try my patience? It has limits. Anna could only gaze at him with terror at the undisguised hatred in his whole face. Vronsky checked himself: I mean to say I must ask what it is you want of me? All I want, she replied, is that you dont desert me, as you think of doing . I want love, and there is none. .. Vronsky vainly protested; he would never cease to love her.Suddenly, Anna turned on Vronsky, cursing him for the sacrifices she had made to be with him her marriage, her son, her social position Delirious with bitterness, Anna had no place to turn; Vronsky, she was convinced, had found another, and she could never return to Alexey. Ambling into the train station, she purchased a ticket. Then, standing on the platform, watching the trains, she said to herself.. I will punish him and escape from everyone and from myself.Measuring both the speed of the oncoming train and her resolve to end her suffering, she jumped. Something huge and merciless struck her on the head and rolled on her back. Lord, forgive me all!Anna Karenina was dead.Comme ntary Leo Tolstoy is considered one of Russias greatest nineteenth-century novelists, an honor he shares with Dostoievsky. Tolstoy, however, focuses his novels on the vicissitudes of the upper-classes rather than on Dostoievskys underprivileged peasants or criminals. Plagiarism Detection >Tolstoy foresaw the end of the aristocracy in Russian society. Serfs had already been set free; the working class was beginning to expand in power. Moreover, new mores and morals were being imported from the West, and societys upper crust was the first to feel the strain of these changes a strain running an undercurrent throughout Anna Karenina.The novel reads like a soap opera, with the exhaustive cast of characters continually creating their own problems. Contrast Annas tragic quest for love and personal fulfillment with the spiritual odyssey of Levin. Through hard work and the support of an understanding family, his search is rewarded by happiness. Thus, Tolstoys gripping masterpiece revolves a round the dissimilar paths of these two characters, allowing a forum for the authors commentary on Russias maze-like social system, fraught with unresolved incongruities.

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Week DQ 3 1-D - Essay Example While ratio have the benefit of being the pinnacle level of measurement, they cannot be used in every situation; for example, to contrast temperatures. This is because a 0Â °C is actually 32Â °F and not non-existent. The value of a zero is very important in ratio measurement, as it is the only major factor that distinguishes ratio from interval measurements (Marr, 2010, p. 78). It is because of this value of zero that enables the formation of a fraction based comparison amongst two values of a variable. The most common use of this is the analysis of the growth of a company as witnessed in various news channels, such as the growth of sales on a year on year basis or other fundamental analysis factors such as return on investments are measured through ratios (for example, the revenues in 2011 are twice as much as what they were in 2010). Thus, ratio measurements require a set of continuous data within which the disparity could be based on, time, demographics, or any other factor. But their should be no disparity in the type of variable. Most common forms of data that can be measured through ratios are annual results of a company (as discussed), statistical disparities amongst variables, census data, market research, fundamental analysis of companies, progress of scientific experiments, etc. Variables such as weight, speed, and distance could be measured through the use of

Volcano Project 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Volcano Project 1 - Research Paper Example ritish navigator, was the first person to observe the eruptions of ash coming from the Mount Yasur in the year 1774 which attracted him and helped him discover the Tanna Island. Mount Yasur is believed to be a holy place by the inhabitants who thought that the John Frum and his members have been residing there. John Frum was a person who told the natives that the Americans will bring in wealth if they all agree to follow him. It is also called as the Lighthouse of the Pacific as it has been showing continuous activity for so many years (Decker. 1991). The area around the Mount Yasur is highly deprived of vegetation and it has a crater which is almost circular having a diameter of about 400 meters. The eruptions from it have been continuous for the last eight hundred years. Mount Yasur has shown typical eruptions of the strombolian type which are of low level but are frequently regular & the lava quickly cools down and turns into black color before coming down to the earth. The eruptions are caused by the movement of the Indo-Australian plates towards the east which are then subducted under by the movement of the Pacific Plates towards the west. Mount Yasur is 361 meters or 1,184 feet above the sea level and it is a type of a strato volcano. A strato volcano is the one in which the eruption occur rather periodically and the mount has a cone and its walls are made up of the layers of lava continuously being deposited. As the Mount Yasur erupts periodically for hours, the government has issued certain levels of access which depend u pon the height of the eruptions. The access to the c rater is allowed only in the low level activity and is designated as Level-0.even in Level-1, during the normal activity the access to the crater is permitted. The permission to the summit is closed when severe activity takes place that is Level-3. Also large smoke and ash is erupted and lava bombs are projected to hundreds of meters, and loud explosions can be heard. When the

Short Research Paper on Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Short Research Paper on Audiences - Essay Example Modern approaches have holistically incorporated cultural and social aspects that were undermined by conventional approaches of engaging audience in media. Modern approaches have therefore proved to be very essential in ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media discussion and operations. Despite incorporating audiences’ cultural and social beliefs and perceptions, modern approaches have as well ensured that, audiences enjoy their participation in media dialogues and discussions. Moreover, present media services have instituted consistent and reliable means of ensuring that, audiences respond promptly to media activities and engagements. It is factual to conclude that, to a great extent, modern engagement approaches have significantly helped in enhancing audiences’ satisfaction with media services. The subsequent small-scale audience research project will be essential in enriching the understanding of modern audience approaches of enhancing media engagement wit h audience Research Question How does audiences approaches use, enjoy, respond, and engages with media? Research Statement Various media have in the recent decade been a very essential social instrument that facilitates harmonious interaction in modern society. Apart from informing community members on modern happenings and development, media have as well served as an exceptionally essential tool for educating community members. Moreover, researchers have rated media as one of the most critical players in enhancing social, political, and economic development. To enhance their efficiency in service delivery, modern media have instituted various mechanisms and plans of ensuring that, audiences are fully engaged in media services. Although researchers have identified various strategies of enhancing effective interaction between audiences and media, some approaches are especially essential in enhancing effective media customers engagement. The understanding of some of the most essential interaction and engagement approaches is an incredibly vital aspect in improving the quality of services offered by contemporary media institutions. Literature Review Over the years, the issue of the relationship between audiences and media has been a subject of debate among information and communication scholars as well as researchers from other social disciplines. Consistent studies have so far confirmed that, there is need for a firm and reliable mutual interaction between media and audiences. Information that is communicated by media services requires audiences’ contribution in order to realise its potential meaning and value (Treadwell 2011, p. 19). In most instances, some information do not have meaning if its lacks effective involvement of the targeted group. Based on the latest researches findings, modern scholars have highly valued the role and contribution of audiences in attaching meanings to the message that is communicated by media. At the basic level, audiences are very decisive actors in enhancing effective and meaningful communication in mass media. Media constructs and conveys information that is acquired from the various audiences. Audiences in most cases serve as immediate witnesses to some of the incidences that are reported by the media. Without the audiences, media could be inexistence. According to available research findings, to

Management written assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management written assignment - Essay Example In the process, it induces people to define their desires and to pursue them with passion. Ultimately, leadership transforms potential into reality. After reading the article ‘Why Should Anyone Be Led By You?’ by Robert Goffee and Gareth Jones, I can honestly say that it would take considerable time and practice for one to be an inspirational leader – but it is definitely possible. The authors identified four qualities of inspirational leaders: having the ability to show their weakness, becoming a sensor, practicing tough empathy and daring to be different. I do not have any qualms about acknowledging my weaknesses as I am aware that in doing so, I would have the means to apply corrective measures to change for the better. Becoming a sensor, though, takes time and professional experience to discern and assess the condition of certain situations and to apply appropriate action. It also acknowledges that assistance and guidance from affiliates are sometimes required. Goffee and Jones emphasized that â€Å"even the most gifted sensor may need to validate his perceptions with a trusted adviser or a member of his inner team.† (Goffee & Jones, 2000, 68) In addition, practicing tough empathy needs a lot of courage and strength in one’s personality. The authors defined tough empathy as â€Å"giving people what they need, not what they want.† For a leader to know the difference between the needs and wants of their people, one must have genuine concern and passion for their team. This trait can be developed over time. Finally and more significantly, I am aware that each and every individual is unique. The unique qualities of each one should be utilized to excel, stand out and capitalize on these qualities to blend and balance those of others to maximize the requirements of a particular scenario. As aptly concluded by Goffee & Jones, â€Å"the challenge facing prospective leaders is for them to be themselves, but with

The Devils Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Devils Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example The Bermuda Triangle is one of these locations of the world that has been a source of curiosity and attraction for thousands because of a course of inconceivable events linked to it. Bermuda’s Triangle also known as the Devil’s Triangle is located in the North Atlantic Ocean and Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico form the boundaries of this imaginary area of the triangle in the ocean. This particular area of the ocean gained the world’s attention when five Navy planes known as Flight 19 disappeared fifty-eight years ago into the ocean mysteriously. Neither the crew members nor the remains of the planes were found in the ocean which has not been explained logically up till now. The disappearance of the crew members and the aircraft leftovers in 1945 was the event that made this area highly controversial and many theories and explanations have been put forward to this day. Apart from Flight 19, which was the most conspicuous event, many other ships, aircraft and yachts have mysteriously vanished along with the onboard travelers which add up to the puzzling nature of this place. Many explanations have been put forward to explain the rationale behind this inconceivable string of incidents occurring in the Bermuda Triangle. Some label these incidents to be caused by the supernatural forces or extraterrestrial forces which lead to the disappearance of anything that enters into the boundaries of the Devil’s Triangle. On the other hand, others explain these occurrences in the light of scientific knowledge by blaming the ocean weather, violent waves or human errors.

Progymnasmata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progymnasmata - Essay Example A list of 14 exercises is included in progymnasmataranked in order of their increasing complexity, and increasing demand of knowledge required. These assessments are namely fable i.e. when a folk tale is repeated, narrative that basically follows fiction or non-fiction, Chreiai.e. based on a famous quote or action, Proverb i.e. asking students to argue for and against a topic, Refutation that disproves a narrative, Confirmation that approves the narrative, Commonplace i.e.based on some common advice, Encomium that describes someone’s aims, Invective that disapproves of some evil act, Comparison i.e. simple comparison of two objects or beings, Personification i.e. the description of some fictional character, Description that generates graphically a certain subject, Argument that describes a research been done generally, and then Legislation in which argument arises for and against the law. The rhetorical exercises first starts at lower level, students are given short trainings for recitations. These exercises increases with time and then they are followed by elongated training exercises for their own speech sessions. This way of training is used in two periods of art; classical and renaissance. The training followed the specific order of implementation; there is a predefined plan, which is followed to take students towards Progymnasmata. Different levels of training as mentioned above include; fable, narrative, chreia, proverb, refutation and some others while this course of implementation ends with description, thesis, and defense.(Rapind Intellect Group) Progymnasmata remains popular for long time due to its unique ways of implementation, small exercises are easier to follow and the level of understanding increases gradually. At start the training for easy paraphrasing, narration and refutation is given when the

1960's generation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

1960's generation - Research Paper Example Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2007. Print. Timothy talks about the literary movement of the sixties, who were termed as the Beat generation and how they responded to conformist materialism, issues on gender, racism and other cultural and social aspects during that period. It also notes how this generation has had an impact on the future generations of America. Riches, Williams T. M. The Civil Rights Movement: Struggle and Resistance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Print. Riches talks about the many civil movements that occurred during this period and how the whites were forced to give the African Americans their freedoms and rights. It also talks about how major leaders were born, the transition of political power, assassinations and other major events. Ross, Dorothy. "American Modernities, Past And Present." American Historical Review 116.3 (2011): 702. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. It examines the concept of modernity is presented in America, with major focus in the sixties. It examines the process of modernization in the United States, suggesting that the U.S. was the first of the multiple modernities to exist. It argues that different historical contexts produce different forms of modernity based on a variety of characteristics specific to that location. (Name) (Instructors’ name) (Course) (Date) The Sixties Generation The 1960’s is a decade that had a profound impact on all human kind for generations to come. It gave rise to some of the most astounding and memorable events. The 1960s not only had the historical significance by assuring equality amongst individuals, it as well changed how we perceive some of life's events, which would be unheard of in the 1950’s. This is the generation that gave birth to political...This is the generation that gave birth to political legends, music legends, art and not to mention fashion icons. As a brilliant philosopher once said, we all learn from our mistakes.. A lot of these m istakes were made during the 1960s and from them; we learned to become the great united nation that we are nowadays. This paper will expound on how the 1960 has had immense significance on our historical and political aspects with reference to the United States. . As John F. Kennedy stated that a man may pass on countries may rise or decline, but ideas stay on, so does the generation of the sixties tries to prove that no matter the hardships, it will still live on and have an effect the future.African American Rights In 1960, the Civil rights movement was the greatest and the most historically significant movement that has been thus far. Almost all African Americans had been slaves in the 1950s, but this had changed in the late 1950s, and early 1960 when African Americans were set free from slavery. According to Stephen Knadler in The African American culture and the Sixties (18), African Americans continued to fight in both World War 1 and World War 2. . African Americans willingly defended a country where they had been enslaved, tortured, ignored and still dis-respected.

Sonnets of Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Sonnets of Shakespeare Essay Shakespeares sonnets are a collection of 154 sonnets, dealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality, first published in a 1609 quarto entitled SHAKE-SPEARES SONNETS. : Never before imprinted. (although sonnets 138 and 144 had previously been published in the 1599 miscellany The Passionate Pilgrim). The quarto ends with A Lovers Complaint, a narrative poem of 47 seven-line stanzas written in rhyme royal. The first 17 poems, traditionally called the procreation sonnets, are addressed to a young man urging him to marry and have children in order to immortalize his beauty by passing it to the next generation. [1] Other sonnets express the speakers love for a young man; brood upon loneliness, death, and the transience of life; seem to criticise the young man for preferring a rival poet; express ambiguous feelings for the speakers mistress; and pun on the poets name. The final two sonnets are allegorical treatments of Greek epigrams referring to the little love-god Cupid. The publisher, Thomas Thorpe, entered the book in the Stationers Register on 20 May 1609: Tho. Thorpe. Entred for his copie under the handes of master Wilson and master Lownes Wardenes a booke called Shakespeares sonnettes vjd. Whether Thorpe used an authorised manuscript from Shakespeare or an unauthorised copy is unknown. George Eld printed the quarto, and the run was divided between the booksellers William Aspley and John Wright. - Structure [edit] The sonnets are almost all constructed from three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter. [18] This is also the meter used extensively in Shakespeares plays. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Sonnets using this scheme are known as Shakespearean sonnets. Often, the beginning of the third quatrain marks the volta (turn), or the line in which the mood of the poem shifts, and the poet expresses a revelation or epiphany. There are a few exceptions: Sonnets 99, 126, and 145. Number 99 has fifteen lines. Number 126 consists of six couplets, and two blank lines marked with italic brackets; 145 is in iambic tetrameters, not pentameters. There one another variation on the standard structure, found for example in sonnet 29. The normal rhyme scheme is changed by repeating the b of quatrain one in quatrain three, where the f should be. Characters [edit] When analysed as characters, the subjects of the sonnets are usually referred to as the Fair Youth, the Rival Poet, and the Dark Lady. The speaker expresses admiration for the Fair Youths beauty, and later has an affair with the Dark Lady. It is not known whether the poems and their characters are fiction or autobiographical; scholars who find the sonnets to be autobiographical, notably A. L. Rowse, have attempted to identify the characters with historical individuals. [19] Fair Youth [edit] Main article: Shakespeares sexuality. Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton at 21. Shakespeares patron, and one candidate for the Fair Youth of the sonnets. The Fair Youth is the unnamed young man to whom sonnets 1–126 are addressed. [20] Some commentators, noting the romantic and loving language used in this sequence of sonnets, have suggested a sexual relationship between them; others have read the relationship as platonic love. The earliest poems in the sequence recommend the benefits of marriage and children. With the famous sonnet 18 (Shall I compare thee to a summers day) the tone changes dramatically towards romantic intimacy. Sonnet 20 explicitly laments that the young man is not a woman. Most of the subsequent sonnets describe the ups and downs of the relationship, culminating with an affair between the poet and the Dark Lady. The relationship seems to end when the Fair Youth succumbs to the Ladys charms. [citation needed] There have been many attempts to identify the young man. Shakespeares one-time patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton is commonly suggested, although Shakespeares later patron, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, has recently become popular. [21] Both claims begin with the dedication of the sonnets to Mr. W. H., the only begetter of these ensuing sonnets; the initials could apply to either earl. However, while Shakespeares language often seems to imply that the subject is of higher social status than himself, the apparent references to the poets inferiority may simply be part of the rhetoric of romantic submission. [citation needed] An alternative theory, most famously espoused by Oscar Wildes short story The Portrait of Mr. W. H. notes a series of puns that may suggest the sonnets are written to a boy actor called William Hughes; however, Wildes story acknowledges that there is no evidence for such a persons existence. Samuel Butler believed that the friend was a seaman. Joseph Pequigney argued in his book Such Is My Love that the Fair Youth was an unknown commoner. The Dark Lady [edit] The Dark Lady redirects here. For other uses, see Dark Lady. The Dark Lady sequence (sonnets 127–152), distinguishes itself from the Fair Youth sequence by being overtly sexual in its passion. Among these, Sonnet 151 has been characterised as bawdy and is used to illustrate the difference between the spiritual love for the Fair Youth and the sexual love for the Dark Lady. [22] The distinction is commonly made in the introduction to modern editions of the sonnets. [22] The Dark Lady is so called because the poems make it clear that she has black hair and dusky skin. As with the Fair Youth, there have been many attempts to identify her with a real historical individual. Mary Fitton, Emilia Lanier and others have been suggested. The Rival Poet [edit] Main article: Rival Poet The Rival Poets identity has always remained a mystery; among the varied candidates are Christopher Marlowe, George Chapman, or, an amalgamation of several contemporaries. [23] However, there is no hard evidence that the character had a real-life counterpart. The speaker sees the Rival as competition for fame, coin and patronage. The sonnets most commonly identified as the Rival Poet group exist within the Fair Youth sequence in sonnets 78–86. [23] - Themes [edit] One interpretation is that Shakespeares sonnets are in part a pastiche or parody of the three-centuries-old tradition of Petrarchan love sonnets; Shakespeare consciously inverts conventional gender roles as delineated in Petrarchan sonnets to create a more complex and potentially troubling depiction of human love. [24] He also violated many sonnet rules, which had been strictly obeyed by his fellow poets: he plays with gender roles (20), he speaks on human evils that do not have to do with love (66), he comments on political events (124), he makes fun of love (128), he speaks openly about sex (129), he parodies beauty (130), and even introduces witty pornography (151). http://www. bardweb. net/poetry. html ontents * The Sonnets * Venus and Adonis * The Rape of Lucrece * Other Poetry In the summer of 1592, an episodic outbreak of the plague swept through London. Theatres were among the public gathering places to be shut down. William Shakespeare decided to stay in London rather than follow a theatrical company on tour. Shakespeare needed a way to earn a wage until the theatres reopened. He also desired to be taken seriously as a writer. Playwrights of the era were considered little more than populist hacks, writing largely disposable entertainment. Shakespeare instead found a way to earn both money and acclaim through the patronage of the third Earl of Southampton, Henry Wriothesley. Poetry was the art of nobles and gentlemen, and Shakespeare—a rustic interloper without the usual college-educated wit—lucratively introduced himself between1593 and 1594. Venus and Adonis would become Shakespeares most widely printed work during his lifetime. The following year, Shakespeare published The Rape of Lucrece. Both were poems calculated to bolster Shakespeares reputation and wallet. On the opposite end of that spectrum is the body of poetry that comprises Shakespeares more mysterious and controversial work. If Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece represent Shakespeares quest for immortality, his sonnets of the early 1590s represent the passion and introspection behind it. The Sonnets At some point in the early 1590s, Shakespeare began writing a compilation of sonnets. The first edition of these appeared in print in 1609. However, Frances Meres mentions Shakespeare sharing at least some of them among friends as early as 1598, and two (138 and 144) appear as early versions in the 1599 folio The Passionate Pilgrim. Shakespeares seeming ambivalence toward having the sonnets published stands in remarkable contrast to the poetic mastery they demonstrate. Why sonnets? The sonnet was arguably the most popular bound verse form in England when Shakespeare began writing. Imported from Italy (as the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet), the form took on a distinctive English style of three distinctively rhymed quatrains capped by a rhymed couplet comprising 14 total lines of verse. This allowed the author to build a rising pattern of complication in a three-act movement, followed by the terse denouement of the final two lines. Conventional subject matter of the Elizabethan sonnet concerned love, beauty, and faith. Shakespeare as a poet could hardly have ignored the sonnet as a verse form. He appears to have written a sequence of them, dedicated to a Master W. H. , and the sequence as a whole appears to follow a loose narrative structure. Of the 154 sonnets, there are three broad divisions: * Sonnets 1-126, which deal with a young, unnamed lord, the fair youth of the sonnets * Sonnets 127-152, which deal with the poets relationship to a mysterious mistress, the dark lady of the sonnets * Sonnets 153-154, which seem to be poetic exercises dedicated to Cupid The sonnets are poignant musings upon love, beauty, mortality, and the effects of time. They also defy many expected conventions of the traditional sonnet by addressing praises of beauty and worth to the fair youth, or by using the third quatrain as part of the resolution of the poem. The first edition of 1609 could very well have been an unauthorized printing. The dedication is enigmatic, and the sonnet by that time had waned in popularity. Whether or not Thorpe published the 1609 quarto with Shakespeares blessing, the sonnets as they are printed comprise the foundation for all later versions. Points of debate have ensued ever since as to: * The order of the arrangement * Whether or not the sonnets are autobiographical * Whether or not Shakespeare actually intended them to be published * The identities of W. H. , the fair youth, and the dark lady, among others * The exact nature of the poets relationship with those he addresses in the sonnets Venus and Adonis Shakespeare dedicates Venus and Adonis as the first heir of my invention. In doing so, Shakespeare acknowledges that even he considered his plays as literary works inferior to poetry. The poem, a brief epic, evokes comparisons to Marlowes Hero and Leander, to which Venus and Adonisowes at least some debt. Equal parts comic and erotic, the poem is Shakespeares take on a story told by Ovid in which Venus falls for the handsome youth Adonis. Shakespeare, however, makes one crucial twist to Ovids Metamorphoses. Ovids Venus is an irresistible, tragic goddess whose love Adonis returns. Venus and Adonis portrays the goddess as a comically frustrated seductress who cant seem to distract Adonis from his love of hunting. Shakespeare also includes elements from Metamorphoses from the tales of Narcissus and Hermaphroditus. Venus and Adonis is a microcosm of Shakespeares writing: taking a classical source and infusing it with both heightened formality and a playful humanity. Of course, the poems comic overtones and animal sensuality caused it to lapse into critical disfavor. The Rape of Lucrece The Rape of Lucrece was published the year after Venus and Adonis. Because of their proximity and Shakespeares dedication of both works to Southampton, the two poems are often thought of as companion pieces. In fact, its believed that Lucrece is the graver labour to which Shakespeare refers in the dedication of Venus and Adonis. Written in rhyme royale stanzas, The Rape of Lucrece also borrows from Ovid. While Shakespeare sticks fairly closely to the narrative of Ovid, in The Rape of Lucrece, he expands significantly on the action through the characterization of both Tarquin and Lucrece. Shakespeare creates as a result a tense drama with both moral and political overtones. The verses are thick with rhetorical flourishes and wordplay. Like its predecessor, The Rape of Lucrece sparked much critical debate over the years, mostly regarding how Lucreces language often works against her emotion. Other The 1599 volume The Passionate Pilgrim was a collection of twenty poems that the publisher attributed entirely to Shakespeare. Only five works can be traced to Shakespeare: versions of sonnets 138 and 144, and three poems presumably taken from a quarto edition of Loves Labours Lost. Thomas Heywood actually complained about a later reprinting of the work in which his poetry was published but still credited to Shakespeare. Heywood also noted that Shakespeare was unhappy with the publisher, William Jaggard, who presumed to make so bold with his name. It seems apparent that Jaggards printing was an unauthorized enterprise. A Lovers Complaint was printed with Thorpes 1609 edition of Shakespeares sonnets. Like The Rape of Lucrece, A Lovers Complaint is written in rhyme royale stanzas but is much shorter, at just over 300 lines. The poem tells the story of a woman seduced by a womanizing young man. In 1601, an untitled poem by Shakespeare appeared in a collection entitled Loves Martyr. Scholars have given it the title The Phoenix and the Turtlebased on the thematic subject of the collection. Based on computer-aided analysis, a 1612 poem published by Thomas Thorpe as A Funeral Elegy and signed W. S. was thought to be attributable to Shakespeare. Further study has pointed toward Jacobean dramatist John Ford, rather than Shakespeare, as the poems author. Sir John Falstaff is in financial difficulties. On top of that, Justice Shallow and his youthful cousin, Slender, have come to Windsor because he has conned them out of money. Falstaff decides to woo the wives of two of Windsor’s leading merchants, Page, and Ford, to get money out of them. He sends his page, Robin, to each of the wives with a letter. The wives compare the letters and find that they are identical. They decide to teach him a lesson and devise a plan. They invite him to Mistress Ford’s house at a time when Ford will be out bird shooting. Falstaff’scompanions, Pistol and Nym, tell Ford about Falstaff’s intentions and Ford, a naturally jealous man, resolves to catch his wife out. He disguises himself as a shy man, Master Brook, with a passion for Mistress Ford, and goes to Falstaff and offers him money to woo her on his behalf. Falstaff tells him that a meeting has already been arranged and agrees to Master Brook’s request. Slender has made friends with a local clergyman, Parson Evans. Slender has fallen for Page’s daughter, Anne, who is already secretly meeting a young courtier, Fenton, of whom Page disapproves. Anne’s mother, Mistress Page, is determined that she will marry the French doctor, Caius. When Caius hears  about Slender’s suit he challenges Parson Evans to a duel. The landlord of the Garter Inn confuses matters by setting different places for the duel, which results in the antagonists making up their differences. Falstaff arrives at Mistress Ford’s house but his wooing is interrupted by Mistress Page’s announcement that the men are returning. They hide Falstaff in a large laundry basket and he is carried out. Ford searches the house. Falstaff is tipped out on a muddy river bank. The wives, amused by the incident, decide to repeat the incident and invite Falstaff to come again. He is reluctant but Master Brook persuades hnbim to accept and his visit is again interrupted by Ford’s return. Ford searches the laundry basket but this time Falstaff is disguised as the elderly aunt of one of the servants. When Ford finds nothing in the laundry basket he loses his temper and angrily beats the ‘aunt’ out of the house. The wives laughingly tell their husbands about the trick and Page suggests that they should publicly humiliate Falstaff to stop him from preying on honest wives. Mistress Ford invites Falstaff to meet her at night in Windsor Park, disguised as Hearne the Hunter. Parson Evans organises Anne and some children to dress as fairies. Anne plans to elope with Fenton, while her parents are plotting her kidnapping by Caius and a secret marriage to him. They all meet in the park and Falstaff is pinched and taunted by the fairies. Anne escapes and returns as Fenton’s wife, while Cauius and Slender both find that they have eloped with boys. The play ends with the Pages giving their blessing to Anne’s marriage and everyone laughing at the evening’s antics and the humiliation of Falstaff. Henry-1 Henry Bolingbroke has usurped his cousin, Richard II, to become King of England. News comes of a rebellion in Wales, where his cousin, Edmund Mortimer, has been taken prisoner by Owen Glendower, and in the North, where Harry Hotspur, the young son of the Earl of Northumberland, is fighting the Earl of Douglas. The king’s problems mount up and he is forced to postpone his proposed participation in a crusade. Moreover, his heir, Henry, known as Hal, shows no interest in princely matters and spends all his time in the London taverns with disreputable companions, particularly one dissolute old knight, Sir John Falstaff. Falstaff will do anything to finance his eating and drinking. He carries out a robbery with two of hisfriends but Hal and Poins rob them in turn. Hal protects Falstaff from the law and returns the money to the victims. Although Hotspur has been forced to agree to support the king he joins a plot with his father and his uncle, Worcester, to support Glendower, Mortimer, and Douglas against the king. Hal returns to the court, makes his peace with his father, and is given a command in the army that is preparing to meet Hotspur. Falstaff has also been given a command but he has taken bribes and filled his ranks with beggars instead of recruiting able men. The King offers to pardon Hotspur if he will withdraw his opposition. Glendower’s troops and those of Northumberland have been unable to contact Hotspur and Worcester withholds the King’s offer from Hotspur and the battle of Shrewsbury begins. Falstaff’s conduct in the war is disreputable and behaves in a cowardly way, while Hal saves his father’s life in combat with the Scotsman, Douglas. He encounters Hotspur, who is killed. Falstaff, having feigned death to avoid injury, claims to have fought and killed Hotspur. The King’s army triumphs over the rebels and Worcester is condemned to death. Hal frees Douglas while Henry takes his troops to continue the war against Mortimer and the Welsh, and the remnants of the Northumberland forces. Henry-2 King Henry IV has been victorious at the battle of Shrewsbury but the Earl of Northumberland hears rumours that his son, Harry Hotspur, has been the victor. Northumberland and the Archbishop of York decide to oppose the king’s forces, led by Prince John. The news of Hotspur’s death finally comes, however, and Hotspur’s widow and Lady Northumberland urge them not to continue with their rebellion. The Lord Chief Justice criticises Sir John Falstaff for his behaviour during the wars but gives his blessing to him in his intention to join Prince John’s forces. Before Falstaff can leave he is arrested for his debt to Mistress Quickly, the landlady of the Boar’s Head tavern. They both land up in court where Falsaff persuades her to patch up their differences. Prince Hal and his friend Poins, arrive at the tavern, disguised as servants. Acquaintances between Hal and Falstaff and his companionsare renewed. Pistol arrives and tells Falstaff that he should have departed for the wars by now. Hal and his friends remain, still dressed as servants, although the king is sick, and worried about the succession. Falstaff recruits men, conforming to his usual corrupt methods. York, Mowbray and Hastings prepare for battle. The Earl of Westmorland arrives from Prince John to hear their grievances and they come to a peace arrangement. However, as soon as the rebel armies disperse, Westmorland arrests the three leaders for treason. The king is very ill. Hall arrives from London. He thinks the sleeping king is dead and he lifts the crown and tries it on. The king wakes up and is angered by that. They make up and are reconciled before the king prepares himself for death. When Falstaff hears of the king’s death and Hal’s succession he sets out to attend the coronation, expecting to be given high office, but the king denies knowing him and banishes him, commanding him to come no nearer than ten miles of his court. The play ends with Falstaff left hurt and hoping that the king will change his mind, while the King Henry plans a war against France. Henry-5 Henry V’s father Bolingbroke (Henry IV) was never able to rule comfortably because he had usurped Richard II. On his succession King Henry V is determined to prove his right to rule, including over France. An ambassador arrives from the French Dauphin with a provocative gift of tennis balls. Henry responds by preparing to invade France. Three of the king’s friends, Scroop, Cambridge and Grey, are discovered to be plotting against him and he condemns them to death. Pistol, Nym, and Bardolph, the companions of Henry’s dissolute days in London, join the king’s forces and set off for the wars. The news comes of Sir John Falstaff’s death. The English take the town of Harfleur and the king moves on towards Calais. The two armies prepare for battle near Agincourt. The night before the battle the king visits his troops in disguise. The French numbers are superior but Henry inspires his troops with a powerful patriotic speech. The battle begins and the French are defeated, with heavy losses, whereas the English losses are light. Henry returns to London in triumph before making peace with the French king. Henry woos the French Princess Katherine and their marriage links England and France. HEney-6-The play opens in the aftermath of the death of King Henry V. News reaches England of military setbacks in France, and the scene shifts to  Orleans, where ‘La Pucelle’ (Joan of Arc) is encouraging theDauphin to resist. She defeats an English army led by Talbot. In England, Richard, Duke of York, quarrels with John Beaufort, 1 st Duke of Somerset about his claim on the throne. The lords select red or white roses, depending on whether they favour the House of Lancaster or that of York. Edmund Mortimer, a leading claimant to the throne, is a prisoner in the Tower ofLondon and declares Richard his heir. The young Henry VI honours both Richard and Talbot. Talbot dies bravely in his next battle against the French. In the meantime, King Henry is married off to a young French princess, Margaret of Anjou. Suffolk intends to control the king through Margaret. Ill feeling between him and the Duke of Gloucester continues to grow. This play ends without a resolution, and is Henry-6-21This play begins with the marriage of King Henry VI to the young Margaret of Anjou. William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, aims to influence the king through her. The major obstacle to this plan is the regent of the crown, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, who is very popular with the people. Queen Margaret vies with his wife, Eleanor, for precedence at court. Eleanor is lured by an agent of Suffolk into dabbling in necromancy, and then arrested, to the embarrassment of her husband,Gloucester. Nevertheless, the demon she has summoned delivers some accurate prophecies concerning the fates of several characters in the play. Gloucester is then accused of treason and imprisoned, and afterwards assassinated by agentsof Suffolk and the Queen. Meanwhile, Richard, Duke of York, who has a tenuousclaim to the throne, schemes to make himself king. The Earl of Suffolk is banished for his role in Gloucester’s death and killed by Walter the pirate, leaving Margaret without her mentor. Meanwhile, Richard of York has managed to become commander of an army to suppress a revolt in Ireland. York enlists a former officer, Jack Cade, to lead a rebellion that threatens the whole kingdom, so that he can bring his army from Ireland into England and seize the throne. As Cade’s rebels are routed, York, who has brought his army over on the pretext of protecting the King from Somerset, declares open war on the king, supported by his sons, Edward (the future King Edward IV) and Richard (the future King Richard II). The English nobility now take sides, and the Battle of St Albans ensues. The Duke of Somerset is killed by the future Richard III. Young Lord Clifford, whose father has been killed by the Duke of York, vows revenge on the Yorkists, and allies himself with King Henry’s other supporters. Henry-6-3 The Earl of Warwick (Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick) is presiding over a dispute between Richard, Duke of York and the reigning King Henry, in the course of which Henry agrees to make York his heir. The Queen, Margaret, makes it clear that she will not agree to this, and declares war on the Yorkists, with the assistance of the young Lord Clifford and other supporters, including her son, Edward, Prince of Wales. The Yorkists are defeated at the Battle of Wakefield. Cliffordmurders York’s young son, the Earl of Rutland. Margaret andClifford taunt the duke of York before killing him. The Earl of Warwick now takes York’s eldest son, Edward (King Edward 1V of England) under his wing. At the Battle of Twoton, they take revenge on Margaret’s army, and Clifford is killed. Following the battle, Edward is proclaimed king, and his two brothers, George and Richard, are created Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester respectively. Warwick turns against Edward when he marries Lady Grey, and he changes sides, joining Queen Margaret and allowing his daughter to marry her son, the Prince of Wales. The Duke of Clarence goes over to Warwick, marrying his other daughter, and Edward IV is taken prisoner. He is rescued by his brother Richard and the faithful Lord Hastings. King Henry VI has been restored to the throne, and the young Earl of Richmond (the future King Henry V11) goes into exile in France to escape the Yorkists. Edward defeats and kills Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. In a subsequent battle, he kills the Prince of Wales and captures Queen Margaret. Richard of Gloucester begins his campaign to remove all obstacles in his path to the throne by murdering King Henry VI who is a captive in the Tower of London. Henry prophesies Richard’s career of villainy and his future notoriety. However, King Edward’s wife has just given birth to a son, the future King, Edward V of England, and the play ends here. Cardinal Wolsey, a close advisor to Henry VIII’s father, Henry VII, has framed the Duke of Buckingham for treason, who is executed. The Queen, Katherine, hates Wolsey and he is also hated by the people because of the plot against Buckingham and the harsh, unfair taxes he is imposing in the King’s name. The King goes to a party hosted by Wolsely and falls in love with Anne Bullen, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen. Henry, married to Katherine for twenty years, decides that the marriage is not legal because she is the widow of his brother, and it is therefore incest. He asks Wolsey for his advice. Because of that Wolsey becomes even more hated, both by Katherine and the people so he can’t agree to Henry’s solution of a divorce, but he agrees to put it the Pope, who will send someone to investigate and make a ruling. Katherine regards the marriage as sacred but she has to submit to the proceedings. Wolsey’s enemies are active and, the situation compounded by some bad luck, he begins to lose the confidence of Henry. Also, Henry sees him as a stumbling block to the divorce. Wolsey knows that Henry is determined to marry Anne Bullen so he advises the Pope to postpone a decision. With Wolsey in disgrace Henry goes ahead with the divorce and the remarriage with out any regard to the Pope’s opinion. Wolsey then dies, followed soon after by Katherine. The new Archbishop of Canterbury has a plot hatched against him by Wolsey’s secretary, Gardiner, who is tried and executed for treason. Henry has a daughter, Elizabeth, by Anne Bullen. Cranmer christens her and makes a speech foretelling a noble rule for Elizabeth and a glorious period of history during her reign. King John settlement with the French King. John is, in the meantime, having a problem with the Pope. The Pope has excommunicated him, and his envoy, Pandulph, orders the French King to resume hostilities with John. During one of the battles John captures his nephew, Arthur. He gives orders for his execution but his chamberlain, Hubert, disobeys the order. While trying to escape, Arthur falls to his death. The nobles accuse John of murder and defect to the French side. John is forced to hand over his crown to Pandulph, although receives it back, but his kingdom is now under the Pope’s control. Pandulph now tries to stop the conflict but the French won’t co-operate and the armies meet at Edmundsbury. The nobles don’t trust the French King and they return to John. The French King comes to terms with John through Pandulph but John is not there to see that as he is poisoned by a monk while he is staying at Swinstead Abbey. He is succeeded by his son, King Henry III. Richard-3 Richard, the Yorkist Duke of Gloucester, has not stopped plotting since the defeat of Henry VI. He conspires to play his brothers, Edward (now King Edward IV) and George, Duke of Clarence, against each other in an attempt to gain the crown for himself. By insinuating charges of treason against George, Richard has him arrested. He also brazenly woos Anne, widow of the murdered Prince of Wales, in the midst of her husbands funeral procession. In the course of events, Edward IV, who is deathly ill at the beginning of the play, dies; Richard has already arranged for George to be murdered while imprisoned, and so it stands that Richard will serve as regent while Edwards son (also named Edward) can come of age. In order to protect the Prince of Wales and his younger brother, Richard has them stay in the Tower of London. He then moves against Edwards loyalist lords; Vaughan, Rivers, Hastings, and Grey are first imprisoned, then executed. Then, with the aid of Buckingham, Richard declares that Edward IVs offspring are technically illegitimate. In an arranged public display, Buckingham offers the throne of England to Richard, who is presumably reluctant to accept. By this time, Richard has alienated even his own mother, who curses him as a bloody tyrant. By now, Richard needs to bolster his claims to the crown; the young princes locked away in the Tower of London must be disposed of. Buckingham, until now Richards staunchest ally, balks at this deed. Richard gets a murderer to do the deed, but turns on Buckingham for his insubordination. Now Richard—conveniently a widower after the suspicious demise of Anne—makes a ploy to marry the late King Edwards daughter, his niece. Elizabeth, Edwards widow, makes Richard believe that she agrees to the match; however, Elizabeth has arranged for a match with the Earl of Richmond. Richmond, at this point in the action, is bringing over an army from France to war against Richard. Buckingham, finding himself out of favor with the king, gives his allegiance to Richmond. However, Buckingham is captured when his army is thrown into disarray by floods, and Richard has him executed immediately. Richmond, who has undergone his own troubles crossing the English Channel, finally lands his army and marches for London. The armies of Richard and Richmond encamp near Bosworth Field; the night before the battle, Richard is visited by the sundry ghosts of the people he has slain, all of whom foretell his doom.